﻿318 
  

  

  KosTRovsKY 
  (Karl). 
  CnMBflHan 
  njioflowopna, 
  en 
  wiisHb 
  h 
  Mtpbi 
  

   6opb6bl 
  Cb 
  Hero. 
  [Cydia 
  {GraphoUla) 
  fimebnma, 
  Fr., 
  its 
  bionomics 
  

   and 
  methods 
  of 
  fighting 
  it.] 
  — 
  « 
  TypKeCTaHCKOe 
  CeJlbCKOe 
  Xo3flM- 
  

  

  CTBO.» 
  [Agricidture 
  of 
  Turkestan, 
  } 
  Tashkent, 
  ^Qh. 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  133-138. 
  

  

  In 
  Turkestan, 
  C.funehrana 
  is 
  as 
  serious 
  a 
  pest 
  of 
  plums, 
  as 
  Cydia 
  

   (Carpocapsa) 
  pomonella 
  is 
  of 
  apple 
  trees, 
  but 
  the 
  non-recognition 
  of 
  the 
  

   Cydia 
  pest 
  by 
  fruit-growers 
  and 
  the 
  considerably 
  smaller 
  importance 
  of 
  

   plum-growing, 
  have 
  resulted 
  in 
  a 
  total 
  absence 
  of 
  any 
  organised 
  campaign 
  

   against 
  it. 
  In 
  cases 
  when 
  this 
  moth 
  has 
  played 
  havoc 
  with 
  the 
  yield 
  

   of 
  plums, 
  the 
  owners 
  usually 
  leave 
  the 
  fruit 
  on 
  the 
  trees, 
  thus 
  creating 
  

   favourable 
  conditions 
  for 
  the 
  further 
  multiplication 
  of 
  the 
  insects. 
  

   The 
  author 
  describes 
  the 
  imago 
  and 
  egg 
  of 
  C. 
  funebrana 
  and 
  gives 
  

   some 
  information 
  as 
  to 
  its 
  life-history. 
  The 
  moths 
  appear 
  during 
  

   April 
  and 
  May, 
  flying 
  mostly 
  in 
  the 
  evenings 
  (before 
  sunset) 
  round 
  

   plum 
  trees 
  and 
  ovipositing 
  on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  plums, 
  one 
  egg 
  (rarely 
  

   two) 
  being 
  laid 
  on 
  each 
  fruit. 
  The 
  eggs 
  hatch 
  5 
  to 
  6 
  days 
  after 
  ovi- 
  

   position, 
  and 
  the 
  young 
  larvae 
  usually 
  penetrate 
  into 
  the 
  fruit 
  from 
  

   beneath, 
  less 
  frequently 
  at 
  the 
  sides, 
  and 
  never 
  on 
  the 
  top. 
  Before 
  

   gnawing 
  through 
  the 
  skin, 
  the 
  larva 
  makes 
  a 
  web 
  over 
  some 
  part 
  of 
  

   the 
  surface 
  and 
  in 
  30 
  to 
  40 
  minutes 
  after 
  emergence 
  from 
  the 
  egg, 
  it 
  

   disappears 
  into 
  the 
  fruit. 
  The 
  larvae 
  remain 
  inside 
  the 
  fruit 
  not 
  

   more 
  than 
  30 
  days 
  ; 
  pupation 
  takes 
  place 
  on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  earth 
  

   and 
  the 
  pupal 
  stage 
  lasts 
  about 
  10-12 
  days, 
  after 
  which 
  a 
  second 
  brood 
  

   of 
  moths 
  appears 
  and 
  oviposits 
  on 
  the 
  fruit 
  as 
  before. 
  The 
  first 
  

   generation 
  injures 
  the 
  fruit 
  mostly 
  during 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  May 
  and 
  through- 
  

   out 
  June, 
  while 
  the 
  second 
  generation 
  does 
  so 
  in 
  July 
  and 
  August. 
  

   The 
  larvae 
  of 
  this 
  generation 
  pass 
  the 
  winter 
  in 
  their 
  cocoons 
  and 
  

   pupate 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  spring. 
  The 
  author 
  points 
  out 
  that 
  the 
  fruit 
  

   damaged 
  by 
  the 
  first 
  generation 
  shrivels 
  and 
  falls, 
  while 
  that 
  damaged 
  

   by 
  the 
  second 
  generation 
  does 
  not 
  shrivel, 
  but 
  ripens 
  prematurely. 
  

   C. 
  funebrana 
  attacks 
  also 
  sloes, 
  peaches, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  cherries. 
  

   The 
  variety 
  of 
  plums 
  known 
  as 
  " 
  kok-sultan 
  " 
  is 
  less 
  injured 
  than 
  

   others. 
  Among 
  remedies, 
  the 
  author 
  mentions 
  the 
  digging 
  of 
  the 
  

   earth 
  underneath 
  the 
  trees 
  in 
  autumn 
  or 
  spring 
  and 
  the 
  removal 
  of 
  

   all 
  wormy 
  fruits. 
  He 
  points 
  out 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  more 
  laborious 
  to 
  fight 
  the 
  

   insect 
  when 
  it 
  has 
  already 
  begun 
  to 
  be 
  active 
  and 
  when 
  all 
  stages 
  of 
  

   it 
  would 
  be 
  present, 
  the 
  best 
  time 
  for 
  attack 
  being 
  autumn 
  or 
  spring 
  

   when 
  the 
  pest 
  is 
  in 
  its 
  pupal 
  stage 
  in 
  the 
  earth. 
  Thus 
  the 
  digging 
  

   is 
  the 
  more 
  important 
  remedy. 
  The 
  removal 
  of 
  the 
  wormy 
  fruits, 
  

   which 
  is 
  recommended 
  in 
  case 
  the 
  first 
  remedy 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  applied, 
  

   must 
  be 
  repeated 
  twice 
  or 
  even 
  thrice 
  during 
  the 
  season. 
  The 
  collected 
  

   fruits 
  must 
  be 
  immediately 
  buried, 
  as 
  otherwise 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  may 
  

   emerge 
  and 
  pupate 
  safely. 
  The 
  first 
  generation 
  is 
  usually 
  less 
  numerous 
  

   and 
  causes 
  less 
  injury. 
  

  

  KoROLKov 
  (D. 
  M.). 
  BpeAHbm 
  aha 
  cafla 
  HactKOMbm 
  vi 
  nntpbi 
  6opb6bi 
  

   C"b 
  HMMM. 
  [Insects 
  injurious 
  to 
  Orchards 
  and 
  methods 
  of 
  fighting 
  

   them.] 
  — 
  « 
  CaAli 
  M 
  OropOAls 
  » 
  [Orchard 
  and 
  Market-Garden], 
  

   Moscow, 
  Feb. 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  69-74. 
  

  

  The 
  author's 
  object 
  is 
  to 
  acquaint 
  fruit-growers 
  with 
  the 
  necessary 
  

   preventive 
  remedies 
  which 
  must 
  be 
  applied 
  in 
  spring 
  against 
  various 
  

   pests 
  of 
  orchards. 
  He 
  deals 
  first 
  with 
  Anthonomus 
  pomorum, 
  L., 
  

  

  