﻿326 
  

  

  6 
  inches 
  deep. 
  In 
  this 
  manner 
  a 
  small 
  mound 
  is 
  erected 
  with 
  edges 
  

   Fringed 
  with 
  green 
  twigs. 
  Instead 
  of 
  fir, 
  pine 
  may 
  be 
  used 
  for 
  the 
  

   posts 
  and 
  branches, 
  but 
  the 
  former 
  is 
  much 
  to 
  be 
  preferred. 
  The 
  

   author 
  states 
  that 
  these 
  traps 
  attract 
  the 
  beetles, 
  which 
  remain 
  there 
  

   during 
  mating 
  and 
  oviposition, 
  so 
  that 
  specially 
  threatened 
  plan- 
  

   tations 
  may 
  thus 
  be 
  saved. 
  They 
  also 
  afford 
  a 
  refuge 
  and 
  breeding 
  

   place 
  for 
  many 
  reptiles 
  and 
  insects 
  which 
  prey 
  upon 
  Hyhbius 
  in 
  all 
  its 
  

   .stages. 
  

  

  On 
  being 
  fecundated, 
  the 
  female 
  goes 
  into 
  the 
  heap 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  lay 
  

   lier 
  eggs 
  under 
  the 
  bark, 
  in 
  the 
  cambium 
  of 
  the 
  branches 
  and 
  posts, 
  

   preferring 
  places 
  where 
  the 
  bark 
  has 
  been 
  damaged 
  and 
  pieces 
  of 
  it 
  

   tave 
  been 
  removed. 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid 
  singly 
  in 
  May, 
  and 
  oviposition 
  

   <5ontinues 
  through 
  the 
  summer 
  and 
  even 
  until 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  September. 
  

   Most 
  of 
  the 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid 
  in 
  June, 
  July 
  and 
  August. 
  The 
  author 
  states 
  

   that 
  after 
  reproduction, 
  all 
  the 
  adults 
  emerge 
  from 
  the 
  traps 
  and 
  die 
  

   in 
  the 
  open. 
  This 
  view 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  living 
  individuals 
  were 
  

   only 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  traps 
  from 
  May 
  to 
  October 
  and 
  principally 
  from 
  

   June 
  to 
  August, 
  whilst 
  none 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  hibernating 
  in 
  numbers 
  

   anywhere 
  in 
  the 
  German 
  forests. 
  The 
  author 
  believes 
  that 
  the 
  few 
  

   which 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  are 
  late 
  autumn 
  broods 
  which 
  have 
  not 
  had 
  

   an 
  opportunity 
  of 
  breeding. 
  

  

  On 
  beginning 
  to 
  feed, 
  the 
  larvae 
  first 
  make 
  galleries 
  under 
  the 
  bark, 
  

   in 
  the 
  cambium 
  and 
  also 
  in 
  the 
  young 
  woody 
  fibres 
  and 
  later 
  penetrate 
  

   into 
  the 
  sap-wood. 
  Their 
  growth 
  is 
  complete 
  after 
  the 
  third 
  month 
  

   and 
  their 
  size 
  then 
  varies 
  from 
  f 
  to 
  1 
  inch. 
  In 
  the 
  traps 
  the 
  larvae 
  

   developed 
  in 
  the 
  thick 
  portions 
  of 
  the 
  branches 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  posts. 
  

   The 
  pupal 
  stage 
  lasts 
  about 
  a 
  fortnight, 
  and 
  the 
  whole 
  normal 
  develop- 
  

   ment 
  occupies 
  about 
  15 
  months. 
  This 
  time 
  may 
  be 
  varied 
  by 
  circum- 
  

   stances 
  to 
  anything 
  between 
  13 
  and 
  22 
  months. 
  The 
  author 
  states 
  

   that 
  the 
  beetles 
  which 
  appeared 
  in 
  clearings 
  or 
  young 
  plantations 
  in 
  

   April, 
  May 
  and 
  June, 
  1913, 
  were 
  hatched 
  from 
  eggs 
  laid 
  from 
  July 
  to 
  

   September, 
  1911. 
  The 
  beetles 
  appearing 
  in 
  July, 
  August 
  and 
  Sep- 
  

   tember, 
  1913, 
  hatched 
  from 
  eggs 
  laid 
  from 
  May 
  to 
  July, 
  1912. 
  Beetles 
  

   completing 
  a 
  long 
  reproductive 
  cycle 
  appear 
  in 
  the 
  spring, 
  and 
  beetles 
  

   starting 
  a 
  long 
  reproductive 
  cycle 
  appear 
  in 
  the 
  summer. 
  

  

  Besides 
  Hyhbius 
  abietis 
  the 
  traps 
  were 
  also 
  used 
  by 
  H. 
  pinastri, 
  

   Pissodes 
  notatus, 
  Hylesinics 
  piniperda 
  and 
  H. 
  cunicularis. 
  Other 
  

   inmates 
  were 
  : 
  slow- 
  worms 
  (Anguis 
  fragilis, 
  L.), 
  various 
  lizards, 
  

   Hemiptera, 
  spiders, 
  ants, 
  centipedes, 
  millipedes, 
  Staphylinids, 
  

   Elaterids, 
  ground-beetles, 
  and 
  Braconids. 
  The 
  larvae 
  of 
  the 
  Elaterids 
  

   and 
  of 
  the 
  ground-beetles 
  seemed 
  the 
  most 
  active 
  destroyers 
  of 
  

   Hyhbius 
  larvae. 
  Of 
  the 
  ground-beetles 
  those 
  most 
  frequently 
  met 
  

   with 
  in 
  the 
  traps 
  were 
  : 
  Pterostichus 
  obhngopimctatus, 
  Abax 
  striola, 
  

   Carabus 
  auratus, 
  C. 
  canceUatus, 
  C. 
  granulatus, 
  and 
  C. 
  violaceus. 
  The 
  

   Braconid 
  eggs 
  were 
  laid 
  in 
  the 
  Hyhbius 
  larvae 
  ; 
  the 
  author 
  also 
  found 
  

   numerous 
  white, 
  very 
  thin 
  wire 
  worms 
  J 
  inch 
  long, 
  which 
  he 
  believes 
  

   feed 
  on 
  Hyhbius 
  larvae. 
  It 
  is 
  further 
  certain 
  that 
  the 
  beetle 
  has 
  

   many 
  other 
  enemies 
  besides 
  those 
  mentioned 
  here. 
  

  

  This 
  beetle 
  is 
  able 
  to 
  scent 
  freshly 
  cut 
  timber 
  at 
  considerable 
  dis- 
  

   tances, 
  and 
  clearings 
  become 
  centres 
  for 
  further 
  infestation. 
  So 
  far, 
  

   all 
  control 
  methods 
  have 
  failed 
  and 
  at 
  present 
  the 
  pest 
  is 
  allowed 
  to 
  

   levy 
  a 
  heavy 
  toll 
  quite 
  unchecked. 
  A 
  record 
  is 
  given 
  of 
  the 
  various 
  

   measures 
  hitherto 
  tried. 
  The 
  author 
  is 
  positive 
  that 
  the 
  traps 
  described 
  

  

  