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  The 
  hatching 
  of 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  this 
  year 
  commenced 
  on 
  the 
  southern 
  

   slopes 
  of 
  the 
  mountains 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  March, 
  while 
  on 
  the 
  northern 
  

   slopes 
  it 
  took 
  place 
  after 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  month 
  and 
  continued 
  during 
  

   nearly 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  April. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  was 
  

   enormous 
  and 
  parasites 
  (Hadronotus 
  howardii, 
  Mokr.) 
  were 
  then 
  very 
  

   seldom 
  found 
  ; 
  only 
  in 
  case 
  of 
  egg-masses 
  smeared 
  with 
  naphtha 
  or 
  

   kerosene 
  did 
  the 
  eggs 
  fail 
  to 
  hatch. 
  The 
  young 
  caterpillars 
  were 
  

   transported 
  by 
  the 
  wind 
  and 
  got 
  into 
  orchards, 
  where 
  they 
  did 
  con- 
  

   siderable 
  damage, 
  especially 
  to 
  apple 
  trees; 
  but 
  after 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  

   May 
  the 
  numbers 
  began 
  to 
  decrease, 
  owing 
  to 
  parasites, 
  such 
  as 
  

   Apanteles 
  fulvipes, 
  Hal., 
  and 
  A. 
  soUtarius, 
  Rtz., 
  and 
  in 
  June 
  the 
  

   orchards 
  and 
  woods 
  were 
  practically 
  free. 
  Apart 
  from 
  the 
  effects 
  

   of 
  the 
  parasites 
  and 
  of 
  a 
  fungus 
  disease 
  similar 
  to 
  flacherie, 
  it 
  was 
  

   observed 
  that 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  insects 
  were 
  dwarfed, 
  while 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  

   considerable 
  prevalence 
  of 
  males 
  over 
  females 
  and 
  a 
  decrease 
  in 
  the 
  

   number 
  of 
  eggs 
  laid. 
  The 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  dwarfed 
  moths 
  w-as 
  only 
  half 
  

   the 
  normal 
  ; 
  the 
  percentage 
  of 
  males 
  was 
  in 
  some 
  cases 
  88 
  per 
  cent., 
  

   and 
  while 
  the 
  normal 
  females 
  have 
  up 
  to 
  1,200 
  eggs 
  in 
  their 
  ovaries, 
  

   the 
  dwarfed 
  ones 
  had 
  only 
  60. 
  The 
  females 
  hatched 
  out 
  were 
  so 
  weak 
  

   that 
  they 
  perished 
  without 
  unfolding 
  their 
  wings 
  and 
  before 
  they 
  laid 
  

   any 
  eggs. 
  Caterpillars 
  collected 
  in 
  June 
  in 
  the 
  forests 
  of 
  the 
  Crimea 
  

   were 
  also 
  infested 
  by 
  Tachinids 
  and 
  of 
  2,000 
  adult 
  larvae 
  collected 
  in 
  

   one 
  wood, 
  only 
  32 
  per 
  cent, 
  produced 
  imagines, 
  while 
  the 
  remainder 
  

   were 
  killed 
  by 
  parasites. 
  The 
  author 
  thinks 
  that 
  the 
  year 
  1914 
  will 
  

   not 
  witness 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  the 
  pests 
  in 
  any 
  noticeable 
  degree, 
  

   except 
  in 
  those 
  spots 
  to 
  which 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  have 
  been 
  carried 
  by 
  

   the 
  wind 
  and 
  have 
  found 
  specially 
  favourable 
  conditions. 
  I. 
  M. 
  

   Shtchegolev 
  undertook 
  the 
  statistical 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  investigations, 
  while 
  

   the 
  author, 
  in 
  company 
  with 
  Miss 
  A. 
  P. 
  Bragina, 
  studied 
  the 
  biology, 
  

   parasites 
  of 
  the 
  pests 
  and 
  the 
  effect 
  of 
  various 
  insecticides. 
  These 
  

   studies 
  will 
  be 
  continued 
  this 
  year. 
  He 
  mentions 
  some 
  facts 
  observed 
  

   which 
  are 
  in 
  conformity 
  with 
  the 
  conclusions 
  of 
  American 
  investigators 
  ; 
  

   pure 
  pear 
  plantations 
  were 
  little 
  damaged, 
  while 
  when 
  mixed 
  with 
  

   apple 
  trees 
  the 
  former 
  suffered 
  more, 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  less. 
  Pure 
  beech 
  

   woods 
  are 
  practically 
  left 
  untouched 
  by 
  the 
  pests, 
  but 
  when 
  scattered 
  

   amongst 
  oak 
  trees 
  they 
  diminish 
  the 
  injuries 
  to 
  oak, 
  while 
  suffering 
  

   themselves. 
  The 
  same 
  is 
  also 
  the 
  case 
  with 
  regard 
  to 
  pines, 
  which 
  

   are 
  totally 
  devoured 
  when 
  situated 
  amongst 
  deciduous 
  trees. 
  Conifers 
  

   are 
  only 
  touched 
  by 
  the 
  first 
  generation 
  of 
  caterpillars, 
  as 
  observed 
  

   by 
  Shtcherbakov. 
  

  

  Observations 
  conducted 
  at 
  the 
  Experimental 
  Station 
  of 
  Salgirka 
  

   have 
  shown 
  that 
  there 
  are 
  various 
  species 
  of 
  Psylla 
  in 
  the 
  Crimea, 
  the 
  

   following 
  having 
  been 
  identified 
  by 
  Dr. 
  Karol 
  Sulc, 
  of 
  Moravia 
  : 
  — 
  

   Psylla 
  pyrisuga, 
  Forst., 
  P. 
  melanoneura, 
  Forst., 
  P. 
  albipes, 
  Flor., 
  

   P. 
  pyrarboris, 
  Sulc, 
  P. 
  horvathi, 
  Sulc. 
  The 
  first 
  two 
  species 
  have 
  

   occurred 
  in 
  large 
  numbers 
  on 
  pear 
  trees, 
  P. 
  pyi'isuga 
  having 
  one 
  

   generation, 
  and 
  P. 
  melanoneura 
  two. 
  Up 
  till 
  now 
  it 
  has 
  not 
  beea 
  

   definitely 
  established 
  which 
  species 
  live 
  on 
  apple 
  trees 
  and 
  which 
  on 
  

   pear, 
  and 
  this 
  has 
  led 
  to 
  mistakes 
  and 
  to 
  conflicting 
  statements 
  by 
  

   various 
  authors. 
  

  

  The 
  last 
  pest 
  dealt 
  with 
  by 
  the 
  author 
  is 
  Cydia 
  (Carpocapsa) 
  

   pomonella, 
  L., 
  which 
  was 
  studied 
  by 
  Miss 
  A. 
  P. 
  Bragina 
  and 
  I. 
  V. 
  Nikitin. 
  

   Owing 
  to 
  the 
  wet 
  and 
  rather 
  cold 
  summer, 
  only 
  one 
  generation 
  and 
  a 
  

  

  