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  early 
  in 
  spring, 
  destroying 
  the 
  terminal 
  buds. 
  Entomoscelis 
  adonidiSy 
  

   according 
  to 
  A. 
  F. 
  Schreider, 
  injures 
  mustard 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  government 
  

   of 
  Saratov, 
  in 
  the 
  districts 
  of 
  Kamyshin 
  and 
  Zarytzin 
  ; 
  it 
  is 
  seldom 
  

   found 
  in 
  Astrachan, 
  although 
  the 
  latter 
  government 
  is 
  divided 
  from 
  

   the 
  former 
  only 
  by 
  the 
  Volga. 
  

  

  Pieris 
  daplidice 
  is 
  found 
  all 
  over 
  Russia, 
  Caucasia 
  and 
  Siberia, 
  

   except 
  in 
  the 
  far 
  north. 
  It 
  winters 
  in 
  the 
  pupal 
  stage. 
  The 
  female 
  

   oviposits 
  on 
  the 
  early 
  seedHngs 
  of 
  mustard 
  ; 
  the 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid 
  singly, 
  

   always 
  on 
  the 
  lower 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  leaves 
  or 
  on 
  shaded 
  parts 
  of 
  them, 
  3 
  to 
  

   5 
  or 
  more 
  eggs 
  being 
  deposited 
  on 
  each 
  leaf. 
  The 
  egg 
  stage 
  lasts 
  from 
  

   8 
  to 
  10 
  days, 
  the 
  larval 
  stage 
  22 
  to 
  24, 
  and 
  the 
  pupal 
  10 
  to 
  14 
  days. 
  

   Three 
  generations 
  are 
  produced 
  during 
  the 
  summer. 
  This 
  species 
  

   also 
  occurs 
  on 
  cabbage 
  in 
  the 
  governments 
  of 
  Saratov 
  and 
  Astrachan. 
  

   The 
  pupae 
  are 
  parasitised 
  by 
  Chalcis 
  flavipes, 
  there 
  being 
  only 
  one 
  

   parasite 
  in 
  each 
  pupa. 
  Pteromalus 
  puparmn 
  also 
  attacks 
  the 
  pupae, 
  

   several 
  dozens 
  occurring 
  in 
  each. 
  The 
  caterpillars 
  are 
  parasitised 
  

   by 
  Anilasta 
  ehenina 
  (which 
  is 
  itself 
  parasitised 
  by 
  a 
  Chalcid) 
  and 
  by 
  

   Apanteles 
  glomeratus, 
  L., 
  30 
  or 
  40 
  parasites 
  developing 
  in 
  a 
  single 
  

   caterpillar. 
  The 
  eggs 
  of 
  this 
  buterfly 
  are 
  also 
  attacked 
  by 
  certain 
  

   Chalcids, 
  including 
  Trichogramma 
  carpocapsae, 
  Ashm. 
  

  

  Plutella 
  (cruciferarum) 
  macuUpennis, 
  Curt., 
  oviposits 
  in 
  the 
  angles 
  

   of 
  the 
  veins 
  of 
  the 
  leaves, 
  laying 
  5 
  to 
  7 
  eggs 
  singly, 
  at 
  some 
  distance 
  

   apart. 
  The 
  caterpillars 
  pupate 
  on 
  the 
  plant, 
  the 
  cocoons 
  being 
  some- 
  

   times 
  compact, 
  sometimes 
  thin 
  and 
  transparent. 
  Three 
  generations 
  

   were 
  noticed 
  on 
  mustard, 
  the 
  first 
  one 
  appearing 
  in 
  May, 
  the 
  second 
  

   at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  June, 
  and 
  the 
  third 
  in 
  August 
  ; 
  as 
  these 
  insects 
  hibernate 
  

   in 
  their 
  pupal 
  stage, 
  it 
  is 
  assumed 
  that 
  a 
  fourth 
  generation 
  must 
  also 
  

   occur. 
  The 
  insect 
  is 
  not 
  as 
  yet 
  a 
  serious 
  pest. 
  Several 
  parasites 
  

   attack 
  the 
  larvae 
  and 
  pupae, 
  but 
  the 
  author 
  is 
  able 
  to 
  record 
  only 
  

   one, 
  Segaritis 
  latratus, 
  identified 
  by 
  N. 
  R. 
  Kokujev. 
  This 
  parasite 
  

   develops 
  in 
  the 
  caterpillars, 
  pupating 
  in 
  a 
  cocoon 
  inside 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  host. 
  

  

  Plusia 
  gamma 
  sometimes 
  destroys 
  large 
  numbers 
  of 
  mustard 
  seed- 
  

   lings. 
  The 
  imago, 
  egg, 
  larva 
  and 
  pupa 
  are 
  described. 
  The 
  females 
  

   are 
  very 
  proHfic, 
  500 
  eggs 
  being 
  obtained 
  from 
  one 
  in 
  captivity. 
  

   The 
  egg 
  stage 
  lasted 
  6 
  days, 
  the 
  larval 
  stage 
  27 
  days 
  and 
  the 
  

   pupal 
  stage 
  10 
  to 
  12 
  days, 
  giving 
  a 
  total 
  of 
  43 
  to 
  45 
  days 
  ; 
  thus 
  three 
  

   generations 
  may 
  occur. 
  It 
  winters 
  in 
  either 
  the 
  pupal 
  or 
  imago 
  stage. 
  

   The 
  author 
  has 
  obtained 
  a 
  parasite, 
  Zitomastix 
  truncatellus, 
  Dalm., 
  

   from 
  the 
  caterpillars, 
  several 
  hundreds 
  parasitising 
  one 
  host. 
  They 
  

   are 
  also 
  attacked 
  by 
  other 
  parasites 
  and 
  by 
  a 
  fungus. 
  

  

  Athalia 
  spinarum. 
  In 
  addition 
  to 
  the 
  information 
  already 
  given 
  in 
  

   this 
  Review 
  (Ser. 
  A. 
  i, 
  p. 
  536) 
  the 
  following 
  data 
  may 
  be 
  noted 
  : 
  The 
  

   egg 
  stage 
  lasts 
  6 
  to 
  7 
  days, 
  the 
  larval 
  stage 
  22 
  days, 
  and 
  the 
  pupal 
  11 
  

   to 
  16 
  days. 
  Next 
  to 
  Phyllotreta, 
  this 
  sawfly 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  impor- 
  

   tant 
  peste 
  of 
  mustard. 
  

  

  The 
  leaves 
  of 
  the 
  mustard 
  plants 
  are 
  sometimes 
  damaged 
  by 
  

   caterpillars 
  of 
  Phlyctaenodes 
  sticticalis, 
  L., 
  which, 
  in 
  1912, 
  destroyed 
  

   not 
  only 
  the 
  f 
  ohage, 
  but 
  also 
  the 
  pods 
  and 
  young 
  stalks. 
  The 
  young 
  

   leaves 
  and 
  the 
  petals 
  are 
  also 
  attacked 
  by 
  various 
  blister-beetles, 
  

   such 
  as 
  : 
  Mylahris 
  4:-punctata, 
  L., 
  M. 
  variabilis, 
  Pall., 
  M. 
  impar^ 
  

   Thunb., 
  M. 
  li-punctata, 
  Pall., 
  M.floralis, 
  Pall., 
  M. 
  dejeani, 
  GyL, 
  31. 
  

   lO-punctata, 
  OHv., 
  M. 
  zebra, 
  Mars., 
  M. 
  crocata. 
  Pall., 
  M. 
  calida. 
  Pall., 
  

   and 
  Epicauta 
  erythrocephala, 
  Pall., 
  which 
  however, 
  more 
  than 
  make 
  

  

  