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  their 
  only 
  disadvantage 
  is 
  the 
  cost, 
  which 
  is 
  comparatively 
  high. 
  

   Kerosene 
  emulsion 
  deserves 
  attention 
  as 
  a 
  less 
  expensive 
  insecticide, 
  

   although 
  it 
  requires 
  careful 
  handhng 
  and 
  preparation. 
  The 
  results 
  

   obtained 
  with 
  1 
  per 
  cent, 
  carbohc 
  emulsion 
  are 
  considered 
  satisfactory 
  ; 
  

   this 
  preparation 
  does 
  not 
  destroy 
  the 
  larvae 
  so 
  quickly 
  as 
  tobacco 
  

   extract 
  or 
  soft 
  soap, 
  but 
  it 
  diminishes 
  their 
  activity 
  to 
  a 
  great 
  degree 
  ; 
  

   early 
  in 
  spring 
  this 
  remedy 
  can 
  be 
  applied 
  first 
  against 
  the 
  eggs 
  and 
  

   then 
  against 
  the 
  larvae. 
  Taking 
  average 
  prices, 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  spraying 
  

   eggs 
  or 
  larvae 
  of 
  Psylla 
  with 
  carboUc 
  emulsion 
  is 
  about 
  3d. 
  per 
  tree 
  

   for 
  double 
  spraying 
  ; 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  iron 
  sulphate 
  is 
  about 
  the 
  same 
  ; 
  

   while 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  spraying 
  with 
  tobacco 
  extract 
  or 
  soft 
  soap 
  is 
  about 
  

   7-|d. 
  per 
  tree. 
  Fumigating 
  the 
  imago 
  of 
  Psylla 
  with 
  tobacco 
  dust 
  is 
  

   considered 
  an 
  effective 
  remedy, 
  provided 
  it 
  is 
  apphed 
  by 
  all 
  the 
  fruit- 
  

   growers 
  of 
  the 
  district 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  time. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  summarises 
  his 
  observations 
  on 
  Anthonomus 
  pomorum 
  

   and 
  Psylla 
  mail, 
  which 
  are 
  the 
  chief 
  pests 
  of 
  orchards 
  in 
  the 
  government, 
  

   and 
  points 
  out 
  that 
  the 
  average 
  cost 
  of 
  combating 
  them 
  must 
  be 
  put 
  

   at 
  about 
  7Jd. 
  per 
  tree 
  ; 
  this 
  figure, 
  although 
  very 
  moderate, 
  represents 
  

   however, 
  the 
  average 
  income 
  which 
  a 
  grower 
  may 
  now 
  expect 
  from 
  

   his 
  apple 
  tree. 
  At 
  the 
  same 
  time, 
  if 
  the 
  remedies 
  were 
  apphed 
  by 
  all 
  

   growers, 
  the 
  yield 
  of 
  each 
  tree 
  could 
  no 
  doubt 
  be 
  increased 
  

  

  Byturus 
  tomentosus, 
  F. 
  In 
  1913, 
  the 
  hibernating 
  beetles 
  did 
  not 
  

   emerge 
  till 
  the 
  latter 
  half 
  of 
  May, 
  and 
  remained 
  a 
  longer 
  time 
  than 
  

   usual 
  on 
  cherry 
  and 
  plum 
  trees, 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  failure 
  of 
  apple 
  trees 
  to 
  

   produce 
  blossoms. 
  The 
  amount 
  of 
  damage 
  done 
  by 
  these 
  insects 
  to 
  

   cherry 
  trees 
  was 
  not 
  capable 
  of 
  estimation, 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  cold 
  weather, 
  

   which 
  affected 
  the 
  buds, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  Argyresthia 
  ephippellay 
  

   F. 
  After 
  the 
  blossoming 
  of 
  cherry 
  trees, 
  the 
  beetles 
  usually 
  pass 
  to 
  

   raspberry 
  bushes, 
  but 
  in 
  those 
  places 
  where 
  there 
  were 
  blossoming 
  

   apple 
  trees, 
  they 
  attacked 
  the 
  blossoms 
  of 
  the 
  latter. 
  The 
  author 
  

   mentions 
  that 
  he 
  has 
  found 
  19 
  beetles 
  on 
  one 
  apple-blossom. 
  As 
  a 
  

   rule 
  these 
  beetles 
  prefer 
  blossoms 
  to 
  unfolded 
  leaves, 
  as 
  their 
  principal 
  

   food 
  consists 
  of 
  the 
  stamens, 
  styles 
  and 
  nectaries. 
  The 
  beetles 
  were 
  also 
  

   found 
  on 
  strawberry 
  blossoms. 
  Oviposition 
  took 
  place 
  on 
  raspberry 
  

   bushes, 
  which 
  started 
  blossoming 
  on 
  the 
  5th 
  to 
  7th 
  June 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  20th 
  

   June 
  larvae 
  could 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  blossoms. 
  The 
  ripening 
  of 
  the 
  

   raspberries 
  began 
  about 
  17th 
  July, 
  at 
  which 
  time 
  a 
  larva 
  could 
  be 
  

   found 
  in 
  every 
  berry. 
  This 
  first 
  brood 
  of 
  larvae 
  pupated 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  

   of 
  August 
  and 
  on 
  21st-23rd 
  August 
  a 
  second 
  brood 
  of 
  beetles 
  appeared. 
  

   The 
  investigation 
  showed 
  that 
  as 
  a 
  rule 
  the 
  beetles 
  winter 
  near 
  the 
  

   bushes, 
  not 
  further 
  than 
  about 
  1| 
  feet 
  from 
  the 
  main 
  stem. 
  They 
  

   pupate 
  in 
  the 
  soil, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  essential 
  for 
  their 
  development 
  that 
  this 
  

   should 
  be 
  friable 
  and 
  shghtly 
  moist. 
  The 
  experiments 
  to 
  test 
  the 
  

   abihty 
  of 
  the 
  beetles 
  to 
  Hve 
  without 
  food 
  have 
  shown 
  that 
  they 
  perish 
  

   after 
  more 
  than 
  two 
  weeks 
  of 
  starvation. 
  The 
  damage 
  done 
  by 
  the 
  

   pests 
  in 
  both 
  their 
  larval 
  and 
  imago 
  stage 
  consists 
  in 
  injuring 
  the 
  buds, 
  

   stamens, 
  pistils, 
  and 
  nectaries, 
  and 
  in 
  piercing 
  through 
  the 
  thalamus 
  

   of 
  the 
  fruit. 
  The 
  damage 
  to 
  the 
  nectaries 
  considerably 
  decreases 
  the 
  

   weight 
  of 
  the 
  fruit, 
  and 
  the 
  percentage 
  of 
  waste 
  is 
  higher 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  

   of 
  raspberries 
  with 
  injured 
  fruits. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  has 
  tried 
  the 
  effect 
  of 
  slacked 
  hme 
  on 
  the 
  beetles 
  and 
  

   their 
  larvae 
  by 
  putting 
  powdered, 
  freshly 
  slacked 
  hme 
  into 
  the 
  earth 
  

   underneath 
  the 
  bushes 
  and 
  watering 
  it 
  later 
  ; 
  these 
  bushes 
  gave 
  good 
  

  

  