﻿376 
  

  

  PiCARD 
  (F.). 
  Les 
  Entomophthor6es, 
  leur 
  parasitisme 
  chez 
  les 
  insectes. 
  

  

  [Entomophthoraceae 
  as 
  insect 
  parasites.] 
  — 
  Bull. 
  Soc. 
  Etude 
  Vulg. 
  

   Zool. 
  Agric, 
  Bordeaux, 
  xiii, 
  nos. 
  1, 
  2, 
  3 
  & 
  4; 
  Jan., 
  Feb., 
  March, 
  

   and 
  April, 
  1914; 
  pp. 
  1-7, 
  25-30, 
  37-40 
  and 
  62-65; 
  3 
  pis. 
  

  

  The 
  Entomophthoraceae 
  nearly 
  all 
  parasitise 
  insects 
  and 
  speedily 
  

   kill 
  them. 
  An 
  epidemic 
  of 
  entomophthorous 
  muscardine 
  is 
  easily 
  

   recognisable, 
  as 
  the 
  powder-covered 
  bodies 
  of 
  the 
  hosts 
  are 
  found, 
  

   usually 
  in 
  numbers 
  but 
  sometimes 
  singly, 
  on 
  the 
  tips 
  of 
  grass, 
  etc., 
  in 
  

   curious 
  characteristic 
  positions, 
  not 
  noticeable 
  in 
  true 
  Beauveria 
  

   •muscardines. 
  The 
  work 
  of 
  both 
  Roubaud 
  in 
  1911 
  and 
  Hesse 
  in 
  1913 
  

   shows 
  that 
  flies 
  are 
  infected 
  by 
  ingesting 
  the 
  spores. 
  Empusa 
  muscae 
  

   was 
  first 
  bred 
  artificially 
  by 
  Hesse. 
  The 
  impossibihty 
  of 
  breeding 
  

   such 
  fungi 
  artificially 
  has 
  been 
  so 
  far 
  the 
  chief 
  obstacle 
  to 
  their 
  employ- 
  

   ment 
  in 
  pest 
  control. 
  Empusa 
  muscae, 
  Cohn, 
  is 
  found 
  on 
  various 
  

   Muscid 
  flies 
  and 
  on 
  some 
  Syrphids. 
  If 
  the 
  rainy 
  season 
  be 
  followed 
  

   by 
  cold 
  weather, 
  as 
  in 
  Northern 
  Europe, 
  but 
  few 
  flies 
  will 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  

   the 
  winter, 
  for 
  the 
  cold 
  will 
  prevent 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  new 
  generations 
  

   to 
  replace 
  those 
  killed 
  by 
  Empusa 
  during 
  the 
  rainy 
  season. 
  In 
  the 
  

   South, 
  the 
  sunny 
  days 
  of 
  November 
  favour 
  this 
  replacement, 
  and 
  the 
  

   weather 
  being 
  dry, 
  Empusa 
  is 
  set 
  back. 
  Thus, 
  though 
  cold 
  is 
  a 
  factor 
  

   in 
  destroying 
  house-flies, 
  it 
  can 
  only 
  act 
  in 
  conjunction 
  with 
  damp. 
  

   Empusa 
  plusiae, 
  Giard, 
  parasitises 
  a 
  Noctuid 
  larva, 
  Plusia 
  gamma, 
  

   'very 
  injurious 
  to 
  agriculture. 
  Empusa 
  planchoniana, 
  Cornu, 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  

   a 
  series 
  which 
  attack 
  aphids. 
  In 
  1898, 
  Mattirolo 
  studied 
  this 
  species 
  

   in 
  Italy 
  and 
  showed 
  its 
  control 
  value 
  in 
  connection 
  with 
  many 
  species 
  

   of 
  these 
  insects. 
  Empusa 
  fresenii, 
  Novakovski, 
  and 
  E. 
  lageniformis, 
  

   Thaxter, 
  are 
  also 
  aphid 
  parasites. 
  E. 
  ovispora, 
  Nov., 
  parasitises 
  various 
  

   Diptera, 
  Lonchaea, 
  Sapromyza, 
  and 
  especially 
  the 
  Syrphids. 
  E. 
  grylliy 
  

   Fresenius, 
  (= 
  Entomophthora 
  calopteni, 
  Bessey) 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  best 
  known 
  

   species. 
  It 
  has 
  been 
  mentioned 
  as 
  a 
  parasite 
  of 
  Orthoptera, 
  especially 
  

   AcRiDiiDAE, 
  and 
  of 
  Lepidopterous 
  larvae. 
  In 
  reality 
  it 
  is 
  probable 
  

   that 
  the 
  form 
  attacking 
  the 
  larvae 
  [E. 
  aulicae, 
  Reichardt) 
  is 
  specifically 
  

   distinct 
  from 
  the 
  true 
  E. 
  grylli. 
  Cross-infection 
  experiments 
  have 
  

   never 
  succeeded. 
  It 
  is 
  further 
  remarkable 
  that 
  attempts 
  to 
  effect 
  

   contamination 
  between 
  two 
  different 
  species 
  of 
  Acridians 
  usually 
  fail, 
  

   though 
  the 
  disease 
  can 
  readily 
  be 
  transmitted 
  to 
  another 
  individual 
  

   of 
  the 
  same 
  species. 
  This 
  seems 
  to 
  show 
  that 
  the 
  fungus 
  which 
  has 
  

   , 
  adopted 
  itself 
  to 
  a 
  given 
  species 
  becomes 
  less 
  and 
  less 
  able 
  to 
  five 
  on 
  

   others. 
  E. 
  aulicae 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  proper 
  to 
  caterpillars, 
  particularly 
  

   Arctiid 
  larvae. 
  Speare 
  and 
  Colley 
  have 
  succeeded 
  in 
  infecting 
  the 
  

   gipsy 
  moth 
  with 
  this 
  fungus 
  to 
  a 
  degree 
  which 
  seems 
  to 
  give 
  practical 
  

   control. 
  In 
  France, 
  E. 
  aulicae 
  is 
  the 
  great 
  enemy 
  of 
  the 
  " 
  woolly 
  bear," 
  

   Arctia 
  caja, 
  and 
  saves 
  the 
  vineyards 
  from 
  destruction. 
  The 
  genus 
  

   Entomophthora 
  is 
  very 
  closely 
  related 
  to 
  Empusa, 
  One 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  

   common 
  species 
  is 
  E. 
  sphaerosperma, 
  Fres., 
  (E. 
  radicans, 
  Brefeld). 
  

   It 
  has 
  been 
  observed 
  on 
  Neuroptera, 
  Hemiptera, 
  Hymenoptera, 
  

   Coleoptera, 
  Diptera 
  and 
  Lepidoptera. 
  E. 
  phytonomi, 
  Arthur, 
  usually 
  

   held 
  to 
  be 
  synonymous 
  with 
  E. 
  sphaerosperma, 
  attacks 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  

   the 
  lucerne 
  beetles 
  (Hypera 
  variabilis 
  and 
  H. 
  punctata). 
  E. 
  arrenoctona, 
  

   Giard, 
  attacks 
  Tipula 
  paludosa, 
  only 
  kilHng 
  the 
  males. 
  E. 
  muscivora, 
  

   Schroter 
  (E. 
  calliphorae, 
  Giard) 
  parasitises 
  adult 
  flies 
  of 
  the 
  genus 
  

   Calliphora. 
  Many 
  other 
  Entomophthora 
  are 
  special 
  to 
  the 
  Diptera. 
  

  

  