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  yellow 
  and 
  dry 
  up. 
  The 
  caterpillars 
  enter 
  the 
  plant 
  through 
  a 
  hole 
  

   gnawed 
  in 
  the 
  stalk, 
  and 
  as 
  they 
  pass 
  from 
  one 
  plant 
  to 
  another 
  they 
  

   are 
  capable 
  of 
  destroying 
  large 
  areas 
  of 
  crops. 
  Later 
  on 
  they 
  attack 
  

   the 
  ear 
  itself 
  while 
  still 
  within 
  its 
  sheath. 
  

  

  The 
  insect 
  hibernates 
  in 
  the 
  egg 
  stage, 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  appearing 
  

   in 
  the 
  following 
  spring 
  and 
  damaging 
  the 
  crops 
  till 
  about 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  

   June, 
  when 
  they 
  pupate 
  in 
  the 
  earth 
  at 
  a 
  depth 
  of 
  about 
  2 
  inches 
  ; 
  

   on 
  pulling 
  up 
  injured 
  plants 
  the 
  pupae 
  may 
  often 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  earth 
  

   attached 
  to 
  the 
  roots. 
  In 
  the 
  first 
  half 
  of 
  July 
  or 
  later, 
  the 
  moths 
  

   appear, 
  flying 
  in 
  swarms 
  at 
  night 
  and 
  ovipositing 
  on 
  the 
  stalks 
  of 
  

   grain, 
  stubbles, 
  and 
  various 
  weeds. 
  The 
  eggs 
  arc 
  usually 
  laid 
  between 
  

   the 
  stalk 
  and 
  the 
  leaf 
  in 
  which 
  it 
  is 
  enclosed 
  ; 
  each 
  female 
  may 
  deposit 
  

   up 
  to 
  250 
  eggs. 
  

  

  Oria 
  musculosa 
  injures 
  both 
  winter 
  and 
  summer-sown 
  cereals, 
  but 
  

   does 
  not 
  attack 
  maize, 
  sorghum, 
  millet, 
  lucerne, 
  flax, 
  potatoes, 
  or 
  

   bachza-plants. 
  In 
  1894-1896, 
  it 
  did 
  enormous 
  damage 
  to 
  crops 
  in 
  

   the 
  governments 
  of 
  Taurida, 
  Ekaterinoslav, 
  Cherson 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  

   provinces 
  of 
  Kuban 
  and 
  the 
  Don. 
  In 
  1912, 
  the 
  insects 
  attacked 
  some 
  

   125,000 
  acres 
  of 
  crops 
  in 
  the 
  government 
  of 
  Ekaterinoslav 
  and 
  totally 
  

   destroyed 
  54,000 
  acres. 
  In 
  1913, 
  the 
  damage 
  was 
  still 
  greater 
  and 
  

   as 
  this 
  pest 
  appears 
  in 
  several 
  successive 
  years, 
  it 
  may 
  play 
  havoc 
  with 
  

   the 
  crops 
  again 
  this 
  year. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  recommends 
  as 
  preventive 
  measures, 
  the 
  rotation 
  of 
  

   crops 
  and 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  weeds 
  and 
  generally 
  keeping 
  the 
  fields 
  

   clean. 
  For 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  the 
  insects, 
  he 
  recommends 
  ploughing 
  

   the 
  fields 
  in 
  autumn 
  to 
  a 
  depth 
  of 
  about 
  7 
  inches, 
  taking 
  care 
  also 
  to 
  

   plough 
  up 
  the 
  stubble 
  and 
  weeds 
  and 
  to 
  burn 
  both 
  after 
  the 
  harvest. 
  

   If 
  no 
  remedies 
  have 
  been 
  applied 
  in 
  autumn 
  and 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  

   have 
  attacked 
  the 
  crops 
  in 
  spring, 
  it 
  is 
  recommended 
  to 
  pasture 
  cattle 
  

   on 
  such 
  fields 
  or 
  to 
  cut 
  the 
  crop 
  at 
  once 
  and 
  to 
  replant 
  the 
  land 
  with 
  

   another 
  crop 
  which 
  is 
  not 
  liable 
  to 
  attack. 
  When 
  the 
  injuries 
  have 
  

   been 
  noticed 
  only 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  earing, 
  the 
  crop 
  must 
  be 
  cut 
  and 
  the 
  

   field 
  reploughed 
  not 
  later 
  than 
  the 
  second 
  half 
  of 
  June 
  ; 
  by 
  this 
  means 
  

   the 
  pupae 
  will 
  be 
  buried 
  so 
  deeply 
  that 
  the 
  emerging 
  imago 
  will 
  not 
  

   be 
  able 
  to 
  escape 
  from 
  the 
  earth. 
  The 
  author 
  states 
  that 
  the 
  pests 
  

   have 
  been 
  got 
  rid 
  of 
  in 
  the 
  government 
  of 
  Taurida 
  by 
  these 
  methods. 
  

  

  Thomas 
  (W. 
  A.). 
  The 
  Cotton 
  Root 
  Louse 
  (Aphis 
  maidis 
  radicis). 
  — 
  

   S. 
  Carolina 
  Agric. 
  Expt. 
  Sta., 
  Chmson 
  College, 
  Bull. 
  175, 
  March 
  

   1914, 
  4 
  pp. 
  

  

  This 
  is 
  a 
  brief 
  preliminary 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  ; 
  a 
  complete 
  

   separate 
  bulletin 
  covering 
  3 
  years' 
  work 
  in 
  co-operation 
  with 
  the 
  

   section 
  of 
  Southern 
  field 
  experiment 
  of 
  the 
  U.S. 
  Bureau 
  of 
  Entomology 
  

   is 
  now 
  in 
  preparation. 
  The 
  author 
  remarks 
  that 
  last 
  season 
  was 
  

   very 
  favourable 
  for 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  this 
  pest, 
  which 
  occurs 
  

   throughout 
  South 
  Carolina, 
  being 
  especially 
  troublesome 
  in 
  coastal 
  

   counties. 
  It 
  is 
  easily 
  recognised 
  by 
  its 
  position 
  on 
  the 
  roots 
  of 
  the 
  

   plant 
  and 
  its 
  bluish 
  colour. 
  On 
  examining 
  the 
  roots 
  for 
  lice, 
  the 
  plant 
  

   should 
  be 
  prized 
  up 
  with 
  some 
  tool 
  inserted 
  about 
  2 
  inches 
  from 
  the 
  

   base 
  of 
  the 
  plant 
  and 
  at 
  such 
  an 
  angle 
  that 
  it 
  will 
  pass 
  under 
  the 
  tap 
  

   root, 
  the 
  earth 
  will 
  fall 
  away 
  leaving 
  the 
  lice 
  exposed 
  on 
  the 
  root, 
  and 
  

   it 
  should 
  be 
  remembered 
  that 
  when 
  exposed 
  they 
  will 
  leave 
  the 
  plant. 
  

  

  