﻿394 
  

  

  Kirklaiid 
  having 
  given 
  a 
  list 
  of 
  about 
  80 
  species 
  in 
  1903. 
  Pear, 
  apple, 
  

   stone 
  fruits, 
  oak, 
  maple 
  and 
  elm 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  chief 
  ones 
  attacked. 
  

   Details 
  of 
  the 
  life-history 
  are 
  given. 
  

  

  Entomophthora 
  [Empusa) 
  aulicae, 
  Reichardt, 
  attacks 
  the 
  caterpillars, 
  

   killing 
  in 
  damp 
  seasons 
  perhaps 
  60 
  per 
  cent., 
  but 
  in 
  dry 
  seasons 
  very 
  

   few, 
  its 
  effect 
  being 
  greatest 
  in 
  bad 
  infestations. 
  There 
  are 
  few 
  native 
  

   insect 
  parasites 
  which 
  will 
  attack 
  the 
  pest 
  ; 
  among 
  birds, 
  cuckoos 
  

   feed 
  on 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  and 
  many 
  kinds 
  devour 
  the 
  moths, 
  but 
  these 
  

   native 
  enemies 
  cannot 
  hold 
  it 
  in 
  check. 
  Among 
  the 
  imported 
  parasites, 
  

   two 
  egg-parasites 
  Telenomus 
  phalaenarum, 
  Nees., 
  and 
  a 
  species 
  of 
  

   Trichogramma 
  are 
  mentioned 
  as 
  having 
  been 
  colonised, 
  but 
  are 
  

   apparently 
  of 
  little 
  value. 
  From 
  hibernating 
  caterpillars 
  three 
  

   hymenopterous 
  parasites, 
  Pieromalus 
  egregius, 
  Forst., 
  Apanteles 
  

   lacteicolor, 
  Vier., 
  and 
  Meteorus 
  versicolor, 
  Wesm., 
  and 
  a 
  Tachinid, 
  

   Zygohothria 
  nidicola, 
  Towns., 
  were 
  reared 
  and 
  colonised 
  and 
  are 
  now 
  

   firmly 
  established. 
  Several 
  Tachinid 
  flies 
  were 
  found 
  to 
  attack 
  the 
  

   larger 
  caterpillars 
  and 
  among 
  them 
  Compsilura 
  concinnata, 
  Mg., 
  is 
  

   now 
  established 
  and 
  of 
  some 
  value. 
  Several 
  predatory 
  beetles 
  were 
  

   introduced 
  and 
  Calosoma 
  sycophanta, 
  L., 
  promises 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  considerable 
  

   value. 
  

  

  Control 
  measures 
  include 
  spraying 
  the 
  foliage 
  about 
  1st 
  August, 
  

   so 
  that 
  the 
  young 
  caterpillars 
  will 
  be 
  killed 
  as 
  soon 
  as 
  they 
  begin 
  to 
  feed 
  

   on 
  the 
  leaves. 
  This 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  done 
  where 
  the 
  fruit 
  will 
  ripen 
  

   shortly 
  ; 
  lead 
  arsenate 
  is 
  the 
  best 
  spray. 
  During 
  the 
  winter, 
  all 
  trees 
  

   should 
  be 
  examined 
  for 
  the 
  nests, 
  w^hich 
  should 
  be 
  removed 
  and 
  burnt 
  

   at 
  once. 
  This 
  is 
  not 
  practicable 
  in 
  forest 
  lands, 
  as 
  the 
  beech 
  and 
  oak 
  

   trees 
  hold 
  their 
  leaves. 
  As 
  the 
  moths 
  are 
  attracted 
  by 
  lights 
  they 
  

   gather 
  in 
  settled 
  communities, 
  and 
  combined 
  efforts 
  are 
  therefore 
  

   necessary 
  for 
  good 
  results. 
  State 
  laws 
  in 
  Massachusetts 
  and 
  New 
  

   Hampshire 
  require 
  each 
  property 
  owner 
  before 
  a 
  certain 
  time 
  to 
  

   remove 
  the 
  winter 
  nests 
  from 
  the 
  trees 
  on 
  his 
  grounds 
  ; 
  if 
  left 
  undone, 
  

   the 
  tow^n 
  authorities 
  must 
  do 
  the 
  work 
  at 
  his 
  expense. 
  Should 
  the 
  

   municipal 
  authorities 
  neglect 
  park 
  and 
  highway 
  trees, 
  the 
  State 
  

   authorities 
  may 
  order 
  the 
  collection 
  of 
  nests 
  to 
  be 
  done 
  at 
  the 
  expense 
  

   of 
  the 
  town. 
  The 
  author 
  remarks 
  that 
  similar 
  legislation 
  will 
  soon 
  be 
  

   necessary 
  in 
  Connecticut 
  as 
  the 
  pest 
  will 
  doubtless 
  gradually 
  cover 
  the 
  

   entire 
  State. 
  One-third 
  is 
  at 
  present 
  infested, 
  and 
  scouting 
  and 
  re- 
  

   moving 
  of 
  nests 
  cannot 
  be 
  continued 
  over 
  the 
  entire 
  area. 
  

  

  Jeemakov 
  (E. 
  p.). 
  BpeflTa, 
  npHHOCMMblM 
  WiypaBbflMM 
  BTj 
  CaflOBOflCTBt. 
  

   [The 
  damage 
  caused 
  by 
  ants 
  in 
  orchards.] 
  — 
  « 
  FlporpecCMBHOe 
  

   CaAOBOACTBO 
  H 
  OropOflHMHeCTBO.» 
  [Progressive 
  Fruit-growing 
  and 
  

   Market-Gardening,] 
  St. 
  Petersburg, 
  no. 
  18, 
  17th 
  May 
  1914, 
  

   pp. 
  557-559. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  refers 
  to 
  the 
  well 
  known 
  damage 
  done 
  by 
  ants 
  in 
  fostering 
  

   aphids, 
  and 
  suggests 
  that 
  the 
  real 
  reason 
  why 
  some 
  fruit 
  trees 
  perish 
  

   from 
  frost 
  is 
  that 
  their 
  roots 
  are 
  damaged 
  by 
  aphids. 
  He 
  has 
  destroyed 
  

   large 
  numbers 
  of 
  ants 
  in 
  his 
  orchard 
  and 
  did 
  not 
  use 
  any 
  protective 
  

   remedies 
  against 
  frost, 
  but 
  nevertheless 
  all 
  the 
  trees 
  Avere 
  able 
  to 
  stand 
  

   the 
  winter 
  satisfactorily. 
  He 
  draws 
  the 
  attention 
  of 
  experts 
  to 
  the 
  

   necessity 
  of 
  finding 
  some 
  effective 
  means 
  of 
  eradicating 
  ants. 
  He 
  has 
  

   experimented 
  with 
  what 
  he 
  calls 
  meat-bone 
  meal, 
  prepared 
  from 
  the 
  

  

  