﻿399 
  

  

  Marchal 
  (P.). 
  Opportunite 
  de 
  Temploi 
  des 
  arsenicaux, 
  et 
  en 
  particulier 
  

   de 
  I'arseniate 
  de 
  plomb, 
  en 
  agriculture. 
  [Facilities 
  for 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  

  

  arsenicals, 
  particularly 
  lead 
  arsenate, 
  in 
  agriculture.] 
  — 
  Ann. 
  du 
  

   Service 
  des 
  Epiphyties 
  (1912), 
  Paris, 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  57-62. 
  [Received 
  

   Feb. 
  18th, 
  1914.] 
  

  

  The 
  prohibition 
  of 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  lead 
  arsenate 
  would 
  deprive 
  agriculture 
  

   of 
  an 
  efficacious 
  insecticide 
  which 
  cannot, 
  at 
  present, 
  be 
  replaced 
  

   in 
  many 
  cases. 
  As 
  regards 
  its 
  toxic 
  properties, 
  lead 
  arsenate 
  is 
  

   relatively 
  non-poisonous 
  compared 
  with 
  sodium 
  arsenate 
  and, 
  particu- 
  

   larly, 
  sodium 
  arsenite. 
  This 
  is 
  easily 
  explained 
  by 
  its 
  lower 
  solubility. 
  

   If 
  lead 
  arsenate 
  be 
  supplied 
  to 
  agriculturists 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  a 
  ready- 
  

   made 
  paste 
  its 
  use 
  should 
  not 
  cause 
  any 
  real 
  alarm. 
  The 
  author 
  

   refers 
  at 
  length 
  to 
  the 
  experiments 
  conducted 
  by 
  M. 
  Fabre, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  

   worthy 
  of 
  note 
  that 
  only 
  once 
  was 
  a 
  definite 
  case 
  of 
  arsenic 
  poisoning 
  

   observed 
  by 
  him. 
  In 
  this 
  case 
  the 
  great 
  quantity 
  of 
  poison 
  (17 
  

   milligrammes 
  -9 
  of 
  metallic 
  arsenic) 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  wine 
  concerned 
  

   excludes 
  an 
  insecticide 
  as 
  the 
  cause, 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  probably 
  due 
  to 
  some 
  

   mistake, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  storage 
  of 
  the 
  wine 
  in 
  containers 
  used 
  for 
  arsenicals. 
  

   Even 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  mentioned 
  the 
  poisonous 
  effects 
  were 
  not 
  caused 
  by 
  

   lead 
  arsenate, 
  for 
  no 
  trace 
  of 
  lead 
  could 
  be 
  found 
  and 
  the 
  agent 
  was 
  

   probably 
  an 
  arsenical 
  anhydride, 
  sodium 
  arsenate 
  or 
  sodium 
  arsenite. 
  

  

  A 
  letter 
  received 
  from 
  Mr. 
  Quaintance 
  on 
  the 
  subject 
  is 
  annexed 
  

   to 
  this 
  paper 
  in 
  which 
  he 
  says 
  that 
  arsenicals 
  are 
  really 
  necessary 
  in 
  

   agriculture 
  ; 
  lead 
  arsenate 
  is 
  superior 
  to 
  all 
  others 
  as 
  an 
  insecticide, 
  

   in 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  effective, 
  adheres 
  well 
  and 
  does 
  not 
  burn 
  the 
  foliage. 
  

   So 
  far 
  as 
  his 
  knowledge 
  goes, 
  no 
  case 
  of 
  poisoning 
  following 
  the 
  eating 
  

   of 
  fruit 
  or 
  other 
  produce 
  treated 
  with 
  arsenicals 
  has 
  occurred 
  in 
  the 
  

   U.S.A., 
  though 
  in 
  gipsy 
  moth 
  areas, 
  a 
  few 
  animals 
  have 
  been 
  poisoned 
  

   by 
  eating 
  grass 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  fouled 
  by 
  the 
  dripping 
  of 
  arsenical 
  

   sprays 
  from 
  the 
  trees. 
  This 
  compound 
  has 
  largely 
  replaced 
  all 
  other 
  

   arsenicals 
  in 
  orchards 
  and 
  vineyards 
  in 
  the 
  United 
  States. 
  

  

  Fabre 
  (H.). 
  Essais 
  sur 
  les 
  toxicites 
  de 
  quelques 
  composes 
  arseni- 
  

   caux 
  utilises 
  en 
  agriculture. 
  [Experiments 
  on 
  the 
  poison 
  strengths 
  

   of 
  some 
  arsenical 
  compounds 
  used 
  in 
  agriculture.] 
  — 
  A^in. 
  du 
  Ser- 
  

   vice 
  des 
  Epiphyties 
  (1912), 
  Paris, 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  63-76. 
  [Received 
  18th 
  

   Feb. 
  1914.] 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  likens 
  the 
  toxic 
  properties 
  of 
  arsenicals 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  

   cuprous 
  salts, 
  against 
  which 
  so 
  much 
  was 
  said 
  when 
  they 
  were 
  first 
  

   introduced 
  about 
  1884 
  and 
  of 
  which 
  thousands 
  of 
  tons 
  are 
  now 
  used 
  

   annually 
  without 
  ill 
  effects. 
  The 
  rules 
  laid 
  down 
  when 
  arsenicals 
  

   [Were 
  first 
  introduced 
  should, 
  however, 
  be 
  rigidly 
  observed, 
  especially 
  

   those 
  requiring 
  workmen 
  to 
  don 
  a 
  special 
  suit 
  w^hen 
  spraying, 
  to 
  wash 
  

   both 
  hands 
  and 
  face 
  before 
  a 
  meal, 
  to 
  abstain 
  from 
  smoking 
  when 
  at 
  

   jwork 
  and 
  to 
  use 
  specially 
  marked 
  buckets, 
  etc., 
  for 
  the 
  insecticide. 
  

   I 
  The 
  results 
  obtained 
  by 
  the 
  author 
  are 
  shown 
  in 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  detailed 
  

   tables. 
  The 
  equivalent 
  fatal 
  doses 
  of 
  metallic 
  arsenic 
  per 
  100 
  grammes 
  

   weight 
  of 
  rabbit 
  are 
  : 
  — 
  Lead 
  arsenate 
  3 
  milligrammes, 
  sodium 
  arsenate 
  

   2 
  mg., 
  arsenic 
  anhydride 
  1*5 
  mg., 
  sodium 
  arsenite 
  0*5 
  mg. 
  If 
  arsenic 
  

   compounds 
  are 
  used 
  the 
  doses 
  are 
  : 
  Lead 
  arsenate 
  paste 
  35*8 
  milli- 
  

   grammes, 
  anhydrous 
  sodium 
  arsenate 
  4*96 
  mg., 
  pure 
  arsenic 
  anhvdride 
  

  

  