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  water 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  then 
  dangerous 
  to 
  add 
  sulphur 
  as 
  the 
  latter 
  may 
  ignite. 
  

   Where 
  absorption 
  occurs, 
  some 
  water 
  should 
  be 
  measured 
  off 
  and 
  added 
  

   before 
  the 
  sulphur 
  is 
  put 
  in. 
  When 
  the 
  sulphur 
  has 
  been 
  added, 
  

   stirring 
  must 
  be 
  continued 
  until 
  a 
  yellow-white 
  mixture 
  results, 
  the 
  

   success 
  of 
  the 
  operation 
  depending 
  on 
  this. 
  The 
  mixture 
  may 
  be 
  

   considered 
  complete 
  when 
  but 
  very 
  little 
  sulphur 
  floats 
  on 
  the 
  surface. 
  

   If 
  the 
  mixture 
  thickens 
  too 
  much 
  while 
  being 
  stirred 
  more 
  water 
  

   (measured) 
  should 
  be 
  added. 
  The 
  balance 
  of 
  the 
  water 
  is 
  now 
  added 
  

   (up 
  to 
  35 
  pints, 
  11 
  gals., 
  22 
  gals., 
  as 
  the 
  case 
  may 
  be) 
  and 
  over 
  and 
  

   above 
  this 
  the 
  following 
  quantities 
  : 
  8| 
  pints 
  for 
  the 
  small 
  boiler 
  and, 
  

   for 
  the 
  large 
  one, 
  either 
  22 
  pints 
  for 
  the 
  11 
  gallon 
  or 
  35 
  pints 
  for 
  the 
  

   22 
  gallon 
  lots. 
  The 
  mixture 
  must 
  boil 
  for 
  about 
  one 
  hour 
  over 
  a 
  steady 
  

   fire 
  and 
  must 
  be 
  kept 
  stirred. 
  During 
  boihng 
  it 
  is 
  absolutely 
  necessary 
  

   to 
  success 
  that 
  the 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  liquid 
  be 
  kept 
  up 
  at 
  the 
  35 
  pint, 
  11 
  gallon 
  

   or 
  22 
  gallon 
  mark, 
  as 
  the 
  case 
  may 
  be, 
  by 
  the 
  addition 
  of 
  hot 
  water. 
  

   From 
  an 
  orange 
  colour, 
  the 
  liquid 
  will 
  darken, 
  finally 
  becoming 
  of 
  a 
  

   chocolate 
  or 
  roasted-coffee 
  colour, 
  and 
  should 
  in 
  any 
  case 
  be 
  boiled 
  

   for 
  at 
  least 
  an 
  hour. 
  To 
  ascertain 
  if 
  the 
  liquid 
  is 
  well 
  boiled 
  a 
  little 
  

   is 
  taken 
  up 
  in 
  a 
  wooden 
  spoon 
  and 
  watched 
  for 
  a 
  minute 
  or 
  so. 
  If 
  it 
  

   is 
  ready, 
  fine 
  light-coloured 
  grains 
  should 
  be 
  seen 
  in 
  a 
  reddish 
  liquid, 
  

   and 
  froth 
  and 
  floating 
  sulphur 
  should 
  have 
  disappeared 
  or 
  nearly 
  so. 
  

   It 
  is 
  necessary 
  to 
  wait 
  until 
  the 
  mixture 
  condenses 
  to 
  the 
  exact 
  

   measure 
  and 
  the 
  hour-limit 
  may 
  be 
  slightly 
  exceeded 
  in 
  doing 
  so. 
  

   When 
  cold, 
  the 
  mixture 
  may 
  be 
  stored 
  in 
  ordinary 
  petroleum 
  tins, 
  with 
  

   a 
  rag 
  bung, 
  or 
  these 
  may 
  be 
  soldered 
  for 
  transport. 
  A 
  glass 
  carboy 
  

   or 
  glazed 
  earthenware 
  pot 
  may 
  be 
  used 
  if 
  capable 
  of 
  being 
  tightly 
  

   closed. 
  For 
  use, 
  this 
  concentrated 
  lime-sulphur 
  mixture 
  is 
  diluted 
  

   to 
  the 
  desired 
  strength, 
  working 
  solutions 
  containing 
  from 
  4 
  per 
  cent. 
  

   to 
  8 
  per 
  cent. 
  [For 
  summer 
  treatment 
  4 
  to 
  6 
  per 
  cent, 
  and 
  for 
  winter 
  

   treatment 
  8 
  per 
  cent, 
  seem 
  most 
  suitable 
  strengths.] 
  Experience 
  of 
  

   about 
  40 
  boilings 
  showed 
  that 
  one 
  man 
  can 
  only 
  make 
  two 
  22-gallon 
  

   lots 
  in 
  a 
  day 
  with 
  the 
  means 
  usually 
  available. 
  With 
  larger 
  boilers 
  

   he 
  might 
  make 
  two 
  lots 
  of 
  44 
  gals. 
  each. 
  The 
  cost 
  of 
  44 
  gals, 
  con- 
  

   centrated 
  lime-sulphur 
  mixture 
  is 
  about 
  10s. 
  including 
  labour, 
  that 
  

   of 
  88 
  gals, 
  produced 
  in 
  one 
  day 
  being 
  proportionately 
  less. 
  The 
  old 
  

   mixture, 
  even 
  when 
  diluted 
  for 
  use, 
  cost 
  about 
  3^. 
  per 
  22 
  gals., 
  and 
  

   the 
  Sicilian 
  about 
  Is. 
  6d. 
  per 
  22 
  gals., 
  while 
  this 
  new 
  mixture 
  costs 
  

   only 
  about 
  M. 
  per 
  22 
  gals, 
  if 
  diluted 
  to 
  4 
  per 
  cent, 
  or 
  6d. 
  at 
  8 
  per 
  

   cent, 
  as 
  compared 
  with 
  the 
  ordinary 
  copper-lime 
  spray 
  in 
  general 
  

   use 
  at 
  about 
  86^. 
  per 
  22 
  gals. 
  The 
  new 
  mixture 
  is 
  equally 
  useful 
  in 
  

   summer 
  and 
  winter 
  and 
  keeps 
  well 
  for 
  several 
  months 
  if 
  sealed, 
  

   which 
  the 
  others 
  did 
  not. 
  The 
  author 
  states 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  of 
  real 
  agri- 
  

   cultural 
  value 
  and 
  is 
  both 
  an 
  insecticide 
  and 
  fungicide 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  

   time. 
  

  

  AuLMANN 
  (G). 
  Die 
  Schadlinge 
  der 
  Kautschukpflanzen. 
  [Rubber 
  

   pests.] 
  — 
  Die 
  Fauna 
  der 
  deutschen 
  Kolonien, 
  Reihe 
  F., 
  no. 
  5, 
  1913, 
  

   126 
  pp., 
  99 
  figs., 
  Berlin 
  (R. 
  Friedlander 
  & 
  Sohn). 
  

  

  This 
  memoir 
  is 
  a 
  practical 
  and 
  well-illustrated 
  account 
  of 
  over 
  fifty 
  

   insect 
  pests 
  of 
  rubber. 
  It 
  discusses 
  in 
  considerable 
  detail 
  the 
  

   characters, 
  distribution 
  and 
  bionomics 
  of 
  each 
  insect 
  and 
  the 
  damage 
  

   it 
  does, 
  describes 
  useful 
  control 
  measures, 
  and 
  gives 
  a 
  bibUography, 
  

  

  