﻿434 
  

  

  immediately 
  follow 
  the 
  disappearance 
  of 
  the 
  adult 
  cicadas. 
  Punctures 
  

   not 
  cut 
  out 
  in 
  pruning 
  should 
  be 
  protected 
  with 
  grafting 
  wax 
  or 
  hard 
  

   soap. 
  Daily 
  handpicking 
  in 
  the 
  mornings 
  or 
  evenings, 
  when 
  the 
  

   insects 
  are 
  sluggish, 
  or 
  spraying 
  immature 
  cicadas 
  with 
  kerosene 
  

   emulsion 
  do 
  much 
  good. 
  Where 
  orchards 
  and 
  nurseries 
  are 
  on 
  new 
  

   lands 
  and 
  near 
  woods 
  the 
  worst 
  damage 
  may 
  be 
  expected, 
  because 
  the 
  

   previous 
  swarm 
  used 
  these 
  timbered 
  areas 
  for 
  oviposition. 
  West 
  

   Virginia 
  is 
  within 
  the 
  range 
  of 
  many 
  broods 
  of 
  the 
  17-year 
  race 
  and 
  

   consequently 
  a 
  swarm 
  is 
  present 
  somewhere 
  in 
  the 
  State 
  every 
  few 
  

   years. 
  Growers 
  should 
  keep 
  themselves 
  informed 
  of 
  these 
  dates 
  

   (another 
  brood 
  is 
  due 
  in 
  1915) 
  and 
  avoid 
  planting 
  orchards 
  during 
  the 
  

   previous 
  autumn. 
  

  

  Peairs 
  (L. 
  M.). 
  The 
  Green 
  Apple-Aphis 
  and 
  other 
  plant 
  lice. 
  — 
  W, 
  

  

  Virginia 
  Crop 
  Pest 
  Commiss., 
  Morgantown, 
  Bull. 
  no. 
  4, 
  March 
  

   1914, 
  pp. 
  11-16, 
  4 
  figs. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  remarks 
  on 
  the 
  predominance 
  of 
  the 
  green 
  apple-aphis, 
  

   Aphis 
  mali, 
  F., 
  on 
  the 
  apple 
  trees 
  of 
  West 
  Virginia, 
  w^here 
  it 
  is 
  an 
  

   annual 
  source 
  of 
  loss 
  to 
  fruit-growers. 
  A 
  description 
  and 
  hfe-history 
  

   are 
  given. 
  Mention 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  aphids 
  can 
  grow 
  and 
  

   reproduce 
  at 
  lower 
  temperatures 
  than 
  the 
  parasites 
  which 
  are 
  their 
  

   natural 
  enemies, 
  and 
  this 
  explains 
  the 
  great 
  predominance 
  of 
  the 
  

   aphids 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  summer, 
  when 
  much 
  damage 
  to 
  the 
  trees 
  is 
  done. 
  

   A 
  San 
  Jose-scale 
  or 
  dormant 
  spray 
  should 
  be 
  used 
  as 
  near 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  

   the 
  dormant 
  season 
  as 
  will 
  be 
  safe, 
  followed 
  by 
  a 
  standard 
  lime-sulphur 
  

   wash. 
  This 
  will 
  kill 
  a 
  large 
  percentage 
  of 
  winter 
  eggs 
  or 
  the 
  early 
  

   hatched 
  young. 
  It 
  is 
  necessary 
  to 
  cover 
  the 
  tips 
  of 
  twigs 
  and 
  branches 
  

   thoroughly, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  of 
  httle 
  use 
  to 
  spray 
  after 
  the 
  leaves 
  are 
  curled, 
  

   as 
  the 
  aphids 
  are 
  then 
  hard 
  to 
  reach 
  and 
  contact 
  is 
  necessary 
  ; 
  then 
  the 
  

   best 
  spray 
  is 
  a 
  tobacco 
  decoction. 
  The 
  undersides 
  of 
  the 
  leaves 
  must 
  

   be 
  sprayed 
  and 
  good 
  pressure 
  maintained. 
  Tobacco 
  extract 
  may 
  be 
  

   included 
  in 
  the 
  regular 
  sprays 
  appUed 
  about 
  the 
  time 
  the 
  leaves 
  unfold 
  

   (the 
  " 
  cluster-cup 
  " 
  spray), 
  thus 
  avoiding 
  an 
  extra 
  spraying. 
  Details 
  

   are 
  given 
  of 
  the 
  preparations 
  of 
  home-made 
  concentrated 
  lime-sulphur 
  

   wash 
  and 
  tobacco 
  decoction, 
  the 
  former 
  being 
  for 
  dormant 
  spraying 
  

   only. 
  It 
  is 
  noted 
  that 
  arsenical 
  sprays 
  are 
  useless 
  for 
  plant 
  lice 
  or 
  

   aphids. 
  

  

  EssiG 
  (B. 
  0.). 
  The 
  Mealy 
  Bugs 
  of 
  California.— 
  ikf^Zz?^. 
  Bull 
  Sta, 
  

   Commiss. 
  Hortic. 
  Sacramento, 
  Cal., 
  iii, 
  no. 
  3, 
  March 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  

   97-143, 
  32 
  figs. 
  

  

  This 
  well 
  illustrated 
  paper 
  was 
  written 
  at 
  the 
  special 
  request 
  of 
  the 
  

   fruit-growers 
  assembled 
  at 
  an 
  emergency 
  convention 
  held 
  at 
  Ontario, 
  

   Cal., 
  30th 
  January 
  1914, 
  at 
  which 
  the 
  ravages 
  by 
  mealybugs 
  were 
  given 
  

   considerable 
  attention. 
  The 
  author 
  has 
  collected 
  all 
  the 
  information 
  

   at 
  present 
  known 
  about 
  these 
  pests, 
  particular 
  attention 
  being 
  given 
  

   to 
  the 
  economic 
  species. 
  In 
  the 
  sub-family 
  Dactylopiinae, 
  there 
  are 
  

   several 
  genera 
  resembling 
  the 
  mealy 
  bugs, 
  but 
  only 
  the 
  genus 
  Psetc- 
  

   dococcus 
  (true 
  mealy 
  bugs) 
  and 
  one 
  alHed 
  species 
  in 
  the 
  genus 
  Cerojmto, 
  

   which 
  is 
  often 
  confused 
  with 
  the 
  former 
  genus, 
  are 
  dealt 
  with. 
  

  

  After 
  giving 
  an 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  differences 
  between 
  the 
  sexes, 
  the 
  

   methods 
  of 
  reproduction 
  and 
  development, 
  and 
  the 
  general 
  bionomics 
  

  

  