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  suffered 
  equally 
  severely 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  outskirts 
  of 
  the 
  forest, 
  the 
  foliage 
  

   is 
  only 
  partially 
  devoured. 
  In 
  the 
  worst 
  parts, 
  the 
  author 
  estimates 
  

   that 
  there 
  are 
  at 
  least 
  1,000 
  caterpillars 
  per 
  tree, 
  but 
  of 
  these 
  only 
  10 
  

   per 
  cent, 
  arrive 
  at 
  the 
  adult 
  stage, 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  parasites 
  

   (chiefly 
  Tachinids 
  and 
  Ichneumons) 
  and 
  fungoid 
  diseases, 
  such 
  as 
  

   fiacherie. 
  The 
  author 
  regards 
  as 
  useless, 
  or 
  at 
  least 
  insufficient, 
  the 
  

   usual 
  methods 
  of 
  destroying 
  the 
  larvae 
  and 
  pupae 
  in 
  the 
  ground, 
  or 
  

   turning 
  pigs, 
  hens, 
  etc., 
  into 
  the 
  woods 
  to 
  eat 
  up 
  the 
  pupae. 
  He 
  

   considers 
  that 
  the 
  proportion 
  of 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  that 
  can 
  be 
  killed 
  

   artificially 
  is 
  negligible, 
  compared 
  with 
  that 
  which 
  is 
  destroyed 
  

   naturally 
  by 
  insect-eating 
  birds 
  and 
  insect-parasites. 
  

  

  Quaint 
  ANCE 
  (A. 
  L.). 
  The 
  Control 
  of 
  the 
  Codling 
  Moth 
  in 
  the 
  Pecos 
  

   Valley 
  in 
  New 
  Mexico. 
  — 
  U.S. 
  Dept. 
  Agric, 
  Washington 
  D.C., 
  

   Bull. 
  no. 
  88, 
  8 
  pp., 
  4 
  figs. 
  

  

  Fruit-growlers 
  of 
  this 
  valley 
  have 
  for 
  some 
  years 
  complained 
  to 
  the 
  

   U.S. 
  Bureau 
  of 
  Entomology 
  that 
  control 
  methods 
  which 
  are 
  

   successful 
  in 
  other 
  apple-growing 
  regions, 
  do 
  not 
  prevent 
  a 
  large 
  

   proportion 
  of 
  their 
  apples 
  and 
  pears 
  from 
  being 
  attacked 
  by 
  the 
  

   codling-moth 
  and 
  rendered 
  unsaleable. 
  It 
  was 
  thought 
  that 
  the 
  

   poor 
  results 
  of 
  spraying 
  operations 
  were 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  manner 
  of 
  

   application, 
  rather 
  than 
  to 
  a 
  difference 
  in 
  the 
  life-history 
  of 
  the 
  moth. 
  

   In 
  the 
  spring 
  of 
  1912, 
  an 
  investigation 
  was 
  undertaken 
  by 
  Mr. 
  A. 
  G. 
  

   Hammar, 
  but 
  owing 
  to 
  his 
  death 
  the 
  results 
  have 
  been 
  prepared 
  for 
  

   publication 
  by 
  the 
  author. 
  The 
  life-history 
  studies 
  will 
  be 
  dealt 
  with 
  

   in 
  another 
  paper, 
  the 
  results 
  of 
  the 
  spraying 
  during 
  1913 
  being 
  

   recorded 
  here. 
  A 
  five-acre 
  portion 
  was 
  divided 
  into 
  four 
  plots, 
  which 
  

   were 
  variously 
  treated, 
  one 
  plot 
  being 
  left 
  as 
  a 
  control. 
  In 
  the 
  first 
  

   treatment, 
  Bordeaux 
  nozzles 
  were 
  used 
  and 
  16^ 
  gallons 
  per 
  tree 
  at 
  

   225 
  lb. 
  pressure 
  were 
  given, 
  the 
  mixture 
  being 
  6 
  lb. 
  lead 
  arsenate 
  to 
  

   200 
  gallons 
  of 
  water. 
  In 
  the 
  second 
  and 
  subsequent 
  treatment, 
  

   Vermorel-type 
  nozzles 
  were 
  used, 
  and 
  a 
  mixture 
  of 
  8 
  lb. 
  arsenate 
  of 
  

   lead 
  to 
  200 
  gallons 
  of 
  water. 
  These 
  sprays 
  were 
  probably 
  stronger 
  

   than 
  those 
  used 
  locally. 
  A 
  table 
  is 
  given 
  showing 
  the 
  percentage 
  of 
  

   sound 
  fruit 
  from 
  each 
  of 
  5 
  trees 
  of 
  each 
  plot, 
  varying 
  from 
  99 
  "39 
  

   per 
  cent., 
  in 
  the 
  most 
  successful, 
  to 
  40'77 
  in 
  the 
  control 
  plot. 
  It 
  is 
  

   concluded 
  that 
  if 
  thoroughly 
  done, 
  three 
  sprayings 
  would 
  keep 
  the 
  

   codling-moth 
  injury 
  below 
  5 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  the 
  total 
  crop. 
  The 
  

   increased 
  improvement 
  due 
  to 
  further 
  applications 
  is 
  probably 
  hardly 
  

   profitable. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  deals 
  next 
  with 
  the 
  position 
  on 
  the 
  young 
  

   apple 
  at 
  which 
  the 
  larvae 
  enter, 
  in 
  sprayed 
  and 
  unsprayed 
  

   examples 
  It 
  is 
  evident 
  that 
  the 
  spray 
  given 
  immediately 
  the 
  

   petals 
  fall 
  is 
  by 
  far 
  the 
  most 
  important, 
  and 
  subsequent 
  sprayings 
  

   cannot 
  make 
  up 
  for 
  its 
  neglect. 
  Usually 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  period 
  of 
  about 
  10 
  

   days 
  after 
  the 
  fall 
  of 
  the 
  petals 
  before 
  the 
  calyx 
  closes, 
  but 
  in 
  New 
  Mexico 
  

   the 
  calyx 
  remains 
  open 
  for 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  weeks 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  variety 
  

   and 
  season. 
  Thus 
  the 
  second 
  spray 
  can 
  be 
  directed 
  into 
  the 
  calyx 
  

   cups 
  and 
  will 
  supplement 
  the 
  first 
  spray. 
  A 
  third 
  table 
  is 
  given 
  

   showing 
  the 
  relative 
  numbers 
  of 
  larvae 
  entering 
  the 
  fruit 
  at 
  the 
  calyx, 
  

   side 
  and 
  stem. 
  Some 
  Western 
  entomologists, 
  after 
  experimenting 
  with 
  

   codling 
  moth 
  under 
  arid 
  conditions, 
  recommend 
  a 
  coarse 
  spray 
  directly 
  

  

  