﻿486 
  

  

  in 
  a 
  small 
  enlargement. 
  One 
  generation 
  completes 
  its 
  life-cycle 
  in 
  

   from 
  1 
  1 
  to 
  12 
  weeks, 
  but 
  if 
  conditions 
  are 
  favourable 
  a 
  second 
  generation 
  

   may 
  be 
  completed 
  in 
  August 
  or 
  September. 
  Hibernation 
  takes 
  place 
  

   in 
  the 
  larval 
  stage. 
  S. 
  rugulosus, 
  Batz., 
  attacks 
  much 
  the 
  same 
  trees 
  

   as 
  the 
  previous 
  species, 
  but 
  prefers 
  plums, 
  damsons 
  and 
  apricots, 
  and 
  

   also 
  feeds 
  on 
  white-thorn 
  and 
  mountain 
  ash. 
  Xyleborus 
  dispar 
  will 
  

   attack 
  deciduous 
  trees, 
  but 
  prefers 
  fruit 
  trees, 
  oaks 
  and 
  beech, 
  and 
  

   also 
  occurs 
  on 
  vines, 
  roses, 
  and 
  many 
  other 
  trees. 
  According 
  to 
  climate 
  

   and 
  situation, 
  the 
  appiearance 
  of 
  imagines 
  takes 
  place 
  from 
  April 
  

   to 
  May 
  and, 
  as 
  the 
  period 
  of 
  oviposition 
  is 
  prolonged, 
  both 
  larvae 
  

   and 
  adults 
  may 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  burrows 
  in 
  summer 
  and 
  autumn. 
  

  

  Xyleborus 
  saxeseni, 
  Ratz., 
  attacks 
  fruit 
  trees 
  and 
  other 
  deciduous 
  

   trees, 
  but 
  also 
  firs, 
  pines, 
  and 
  larches. 
  From 
  80 
  to 
  120 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid 
  

   by 
  each 
  female. 
  As 
  the 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid 
  gradually 
  during 
  the 
  summer, 
  

   every 
  stage 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  together, 
  but 
  in 
  winter 
  only 
  

   beetles 
  and 
  larvae. 
  The 
  time 
  of 
  flight, 
  according 
  to 
  climate 
  and 
  locality, 
  

   is 
  from 
  about 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  May 
  till 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  June, 
  and 
  if 
  conditions 
  

   are 
  favourable, 
  a 
  second 
  generation 
  may 
  appear 
  in 
  August. 
  These 
  

   borers 
  are 
  parasitised 
  by 
  Blacus 
  fuscipes, 
  Gour., 
  and 
  Pteromalus 
  

   bimaculatus, 
  Nees. 
  Insect-eating 
  birds 
  also 
  reduce 
  their 
  numbers 
  

   considerably. 
  The 
  larvae 
  are 
  liable 
  to 
  certain 
  fungus-diseases 
  which 
  

   kill 
  considerable 
  numbers. 
  The 
  author 
  suggests 
  as 
  remedies, 
  increasing 
  

   the 
  resisting 
  power 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  by 
  careful 
  manuring 
  ; 
  painting 
  the 
  

   trees 
  with 
  lime 
  which 
  protects 
  them 
  from 
  the 
  sun 
  and 
  from 
  frost 
  ; 
  

   protection 
  of 
  the 
  roots 
  against 
  the 
  attack 
  of 
  rats, 
  and 
  other 
  rodents 
  ; 
  

   moderate 
  root-pruning; 
  the 
  ringing 
  of 
  sickly 
  valueless 
  trees 
  for 
  use 
  

   as 
  traps 
  to 
  attract 
  the 
  beetles 
  ; 
  the 
  complete 
  destruction 
  of 
  all 
  dead 
  

   trees, 
  or 
  those 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  seriously 
  attacked, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  trap 
  

   trees, 
  before 
  the 
  beetles 
  begin 
  to 
  travel. 
  The 
  best 
  time 
  for 
  this 
  is 
  

   between 
  October 
  and 
  April, 
  when 
  they 
  are 
  in 
  their 
  winter 
  quarters. 
  

   Binding 
  the 
  trunks 
  and 
  branches 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  with 
  some 
  thin 
  cheap 
  

   packing 
  material 
  will 
  prevent 
  the 
  pests 
  from 
  boring. 
  The 
  use 
  of 
  

   bait-traps 
  filled 
  wdth 
  diluted 
  apple-juice 
  about 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  flight 
  

   of 
  the 
  beetles, 
  that 
  is 
  between 
  April 
  and 
  August, 
  and 
  smearing 
  the 
  

   trunks 
  with 
  a 
  mixture 
  of 
  fruit-tree 
  carbolineum 
  to 
  prevent 
  the 
  beetles 
  

   from 
  ovipositing, 
  are 
  also 
  useful, 
  but 
  the 
  latter 
  must 
  not 
  be 
  applied 
  

   to 
  buds 
  and 
  new 
  wood. 
  In 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  specially 
  valuable 
  trees 
  and 
  

   bush 
  fruit, 
  which 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  seriously 
  attacked, 
  carbon 
  bisulphide 
  

   may 
  be 
  injected 
  into 
  the 
  burrows. 
  

  

  MuLLER 
  (K.) 
  Wirkt 
  die 
  Kupferbespritzung 
  auf 
  das 
  Gedeihen 
  des 
  

   Weinstockes 
  nachteilig 
  ? 
  [Does 
  spraying 
  with 
  copper 
  act 
  inju- 
  

   riously 
  upon 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  vinestocks 
  ?] 
  — 
  Hauptsielle 
  f. 
  Pflan- 
  

   zenschutz 
  in 
  Baden 
  an 
  der 
  Groszh. 
  landwirtsch. 
  VersuchsansL 
  

   Augiistenberg 
  , 
  FlugblaU 
  no. 
  4, 
  Feb. 
  1914, 
  2 
  pp. 
  

  

  Professor 
  Endriss, 
  of 
  Stuttgart, 
  has 
  stated 
  in 
  the 
  agricultural 
  press 
  

   of 
  Wiirtemburg 
  and 
  elsewhere, 
  that 
  the 
  spraying 
  of 
  vines 
  with 
  copper 
  

   solutions 
  against 
  Peronospora 
  has 
  had 
  most 
  disastrous 
  results, 
  

   diminishing 
  the 
  yield 
  and 
  indirectly 
  ruining 
  the 
  vine-stocks. 
  The 
  

   author 
  examines 
  certain 
  cases 
  cited 
  and 
  shows 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  real 
  

   reason 
  for 
  this 
  opinion, 
  and 
  he 
  says 
  that 
  vineyards 
  which 
  for 
  more 
  

   than 
  10 
  years 
  have 
  been 
  diligently 
  sprayed 
  with 
  Bordeaux 
  mixture 
  

  

  