﻿518 
  

  

  noij^hbouring 
  vineyards, 
  and 
  compensation 
  claims 
  had 
  to 
  be 
  settled. 
  

   The 
  work 
  of 
  destruction 
  begins 
  in 
  spring 
  and 
  ends 
  about 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  

   October. 
  In 
  the 
  safety-zone 
  round 
  the 
  centre 
  of 
  infection, 
  the 
  vines 
  

   are 
  cut 
  down 
  in 
  spring 
  (if 
  not 
  already 
  done 
  in 
  autumn) 
  to 
  within 
  8-12 
  

   inches 
  from 
  the 
  ground 
  and 
  burned 
  ; 
  3J 
  pints 
  of 
  15 
  per 
  cent. 
  Kresol 
  

   solution 
  are 
  then 
  poured 
  on 
  each 
  stock, 
  and 
  then 
  about 
  10 
  oz. 
  of 
  carbon 
  

   bisulphide 
  per 
  square 
  yard 
  is 
  applied 
  in 
  holes 
  from 
  4 
  to 
  6 
  inches 
  deep. 
  

   This 
  simplified 
  procedure 
  has 
  resulted 
  in 
  a 
  great 
  saving 
  of 
  expense. 
  

   The 
  average 
  cost 
  of 
  disinfecting 
  one 
  acre 
  of 
  vineyard 
  has 
  decreased 
  

   from 
  about 
  £137 
  to 
  about 
  £75, 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  increased 
  cost 
  of 
  materials 
  

   and 
  labour. 
  Equally 
  good, 
  but 
  not 
  superior, 
  results 
  were 
  given 
  by 
  the 
  

   more 
  expensive 
  Saprosol 
  [see 
  this 
  Review, 
  Ser. 
  A, 
  i, 
  p. 
  544]. 
  As 
  liquid 
  

   carbon 
  bisulphide 
  is 
  ineffective 
  in 
  the 
  upper 
  layers 
  of 
  the 
  soil 
  and 
  

   seriously 
  damages 
  adjoining 
  vineyards, 
  trials 
  were 
  made 
  to 
  prevent 
  this. 
  

   It 
  was 
  found 
  that 
  a 
  trench, 
  1 
  yard 
  or 
  more 
  in 
  depth, 
  did 
  not 
  prevent 
  

   damage 
  to 
  neighbouring 
  vineyards 
  except 
  in 
  heavy, 
  compact 
  soils. 
  

   Carbon 
  bisulphide 
  emulsion 
  was 
  tried 
  without 
  success, 
  and 
  experiments 
  

   were 
  made 
  with 
  a 
  jelly 
  containing 
  about 
  80 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  the 
  chemical. 
  

   A 
  4-in. 
  hole 
  at 
  each 
  stock 
  was 
  charged 
  with 
  about 
  16 
  oz. 
  of 
  jelly 
  

   (containing 
  about 
  13 
  oz. 
  of 
  carbon 
  bisulphide) 
  and 
  then 
  filled 
  in 
  with 
  

   earth, 
  no 
  Kresol 
  being 
  used. 
  Five 
  weeks 
  later, 
  an 
  examination 
  

   showed 
  the 
  result 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  great 
  success, 
  and 
  other 
  trials 
  demonstrated 
  

   that 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  jelly, 
  though 
  it 
  costs 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  Kresol 
  and 
  liquid 
  

   bisulphide, 
  permits 
  the 
  work 
  to 
  be 
  done 
  more 
  quickly 
  and 
  avoids 
  

   injury 
  to 
  neighbouring 
  vineyards. 
  Trials 
  w^ith 
  carbon 
  tetrachloride 
  

   and 
  ethane 
  tetrachloride 
  jelly 
  were 
  made 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  wall 
  be 
  tested 
  

   again. 
  Legislation, 
  which 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  valuable, 
  includes 
  the 
  

   prohibition 
  of 
  " 
  Weinbeigdriesche 
  " 
  or 
  vineyards 
  left 
  unpruned 
  and 
  

   untended 
  for 
  two 
  consecutive 
  years, 
  and 
  the 
  prohibition 
  of 
  replanting 
  

   extending 
  to 
  8 
  years 
  in 
  the 
  Rhine 
  province 
  [see 
  this 
  Review 
  Ser. 
  A. 
  i, 
  

   pp. 
  273-274]. 
  This 
  long 
  period 
  results 
  in 
  the 
  destruction, 
  by 
  

   starvation, 
  of 
  any 
  Phylloxera 
  which 
  may 
  escape 
  the 
  treatment. 
  

   Phylloxera 
  is 
  capable 
  of 
  living 
  for 
  many 
  years 
  on 
  root-fragments, 
  and 
  

   will 
  increase 
  as 
  soon 
  as 
  the 
  ground 
  is 
  replanted 
  with 
  vines. 
  The 
  

   campaign 
  in 
  Hesse-Nassau 
  and 
  the 
  Rhine 
  province 
  has 
  been 
  

   successful 
  in 
  controlling 
  the 
  spread 
  of 
  infection, 
  and 
  at 
  present 
  only 
  

   4*7 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  the 
  vine-growers 
  there 
  have 
  suffered. 
  

  

  ScHOLL 
  (E. 
  E.). 
  Grasshoppers 
  and 
  their 
  Control. 
  — 
  Texas 
  Dept.Agric, 
  

   Austin, 
  Circular, 
  22nd 
  April, 
  1914, 
  6 
  pp. 
  

  

  This 
  circular 
  gives 
  instructions 
  for 
  the 
  control 
  of 
  various 
  grasshoppers 
  

   and 
  recommends 
  that 
  steps 
  should 
  be 
  takeri 
  to 
  prevent 
  such 
  an 
  in- 
  

   festation 
  as 
  occurred 
  in 
  Texas 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  summer 
  of 
  1913. 
  The 
  

   increase 
  of 
  these 
  pests 
  was 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  dry 
  weather 
  of 
  recent 
  years 
  (so 
  

   unfavourable 
  to 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  the 
  fungus 
  diseases 
  which 
  attack 
  grass- 
  

   hoppers), 
  to 
  the 
  abandonment 
  of 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  farms 
  and 
  their 
  consequent 
  

   neglect, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  the 
  adults 
  of 
  the 
  bhster-beetle 
  which 
  

   feeds 
  on 
  garden 
  and 
  field 
  crops, 
  but 
  as 
  a 
  larva 
  devours 
  the 
  eggs 
  of 
  

   grasshoppers. 
  The 
  hfe-history 
  varies 
  shghtly 
  with 
  the 
  species, 
  but 
  

   usually 
  the 
  eggs 
  are 
  deposited 
  in 
  w^ell-drained 
  firm 
  soil 
  in 
  the 
  late 
  

   summer 
  and 
  autumn, 
  the 
  clusters 
  numbering 
  from 
  30-100 
  in 
  a 
  pocket. 
  

   In 
  Texas, 
  the 
  eggs 
  hatch 
  from 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  March 
  until 
  mid-May 
  ; 
  

  

  