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  laundry 
  soap 
  should 
  be 
  added 
  at 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  1 
  lb. 
  to 
  50 
  gallons 
  of 
  the 
  

   mixture. 
  A 
  small 
  amount 
  of 
  spray 
  may 
  be 
  made 
  as 
  follows 
  : 
  1 
  tea- 
  

   spoonful 
  of 
  40 
  per 
  cent, 
  nicotin 
  solution 
  added 
  to 
  1 
  to 
  2 
  gallons 
  of 
  water, 
  

   and 
  I 
  oz. 
  whale-oil 
  soap, 
  shaved 
  finely 
  and 
  dissolved 
  in 
  hot 
  water. 
  

   Solutions 
  containing 
  less 
  nicotin 
  should 
  be 
  mixed 
  at 
  the 
  strength 
  

   recommended 
  by 
  the 
  manufacturers 
  and 
  the 
  soap 
  added 
  as 
  above. 
  

   When 
  such 
  solutions 
  are 
  unobtainable 
  good 
  results 
  can 
  be 
  got 
  by 
  

   dissolving 
  1 
  lb. 
  of 
  whale-oil 
  or 
  2 
  lb. 
  of 
  laundry 
  soap 
  in 
  from 
  4-6 
  gallons 
  

   of 
  water. 
  Water 
  alone 
  applied 
  in 
  a 
  forcible 
  stream 
  can 
  be 
  used 
  as 
  a 
  

   control, 
  but 
  is 
  likely 
  to 
  increase 
  milc'.ew, 
  to 
  which 
  disease 
  the 
  roses 
  

   of 
  Cahfornia 
  are 
  especially 
  subject. 
  Nicotin 
  solutions 
  should 
  always 
  

   be 
  used 
  if 
  possible, 
  as 
  they 
  give 
  better 
  results. 
  Where 
  mildew 
  occurs 
  

   copper-sulphate 
  should 
  be 
  added 
  to 
  the 
  nicotin 
  solution, 
  or 
  a 
  solution 
  of 
  

   copper-sulphate 
  should 
  be 
  sprayed 
  on 
  after 
  the 
  water 
  treatment, 
  

   1 
  lb. 
  to 
  50 
  gallons 
  of 
  water 
  or 
  nicotin 
  solution. 
  The 
  author 
  concludes 
  

   from 
  his 
  experiments 
  that 
  nicotin 
  solutions 
  may 
  be 
  used 
  at 
  less 
  

   strength 
  but 
  more 
  frequently 
  than 
  has 
  before 
  been 
  thought 
  necessary. 
  

   In 
  greenhouses 
  a 
  further 
  dilution 
  is 
  necessary, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  considered 
  

   safe 
  to 
  use 
  nicotin 
  solution 
  at 
  a 
  strength 
  of 
  1 
  part 
  to 
  2,000 
  of 
  water, 
  

   if 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  sunlight 
  on 
  the 
  glass 
  at 
  the 
  time. 
  

  

  Prell 
  (H.). 
  Die 
  Lebensweise 
  der 
  Raupenfliegen. 
  [The 
  life-history 
  

   of 
  insect-parasites 
  of 
  caterpillars.] 
  — 
  Zeitschr. 
  fur 
  angewandte 
  

   Entomologie, 
  Berlin, 
  i, 
  no. 
  1, 
  April 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  172-195, 
  7 
  figs. 
  

  

  In 
  dealing 
  with 
  parasitic 
  Hymenoptera 
  and 
  Diptera 
  the 
  author 
  

   adheres 
  to 
  the 
  name 
  " 
  Raupenfliegen 
  " 
  [caterpillar-flies], 
  as 
  he 
  thinks 
  

   it 
  less 
  confusing 
  than 
  systematic 
  names, 
  and 
  also 
  because 
  the 
  majority 
  

   of 
  entomoparasitic 
  Diptera, 
  particularly 
  those 
  of 
  economic 
  value, 
  

   Uve 
  in 
  caterpillars. 
  The 
  oviparous 
  and 
  the 
  viviparous 
  species 
  

   may 
  be 
  divided 
  into 
  three 
  groups 
  and 
  the 
  following 
  six 
  types 
  of 
  infesta- 
  

   tion 
  result 
  : 
  A. 
  Oviparous 
  Species 
  — 
  I. 
  The 
  egg 
  laid 
  on 
  the 
  host 
  

   (Tachina) 
  ; 
  II. 
  The 
  egg 
  laid 
  in 
  the 
  host 
  (Hyalomyia) 
  ; 
  III. 
  The 
  egg 
  

   laid 
  beside 
  the 
  host 
  (Gonia). 
  B. 
  Viviparous 
  species 
  — 
  I. 
  The 
  larva 
  

   deposited 
  on 
  the 
  host 
  (Blepharidea) 
  ; 
  II. 
  The 
  larva 
  deposited 
  in 
  the 
  

   host 
  (Compsilura) 
  ; 
  III. 
  The 
  larva 
  deposited 
  beside 
  the 
  host 
  (Panzeria). 
  

  

  Fischer 
  (E.). 
  Ueber 
  die 
  Ursachen 
  und 
  Symptome 
  der 
  Flacherie 
  und 
  

   Polyederkrankheit 
  der 
  Raupen. 
  [On 
  the 
  causes 
  and 
  symptoms 
  of 
  

   Flacherie 
  and 
  Polyhedral 
  Disease 
  in 
  Caterpillars.] 
  — 
  Biol. 
  Central- 
  

   hlatt. 
  Leipzig, 
  xxxiv, 
  no. 
  5, 
  20th 
  May 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  308-328. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  has 
  experimented 
  with 
  species 
  of 
  Vanessa 
  and 
  Pyrameis 
  

   on 
  the 
  causation 
  and 
  symptoms 
  of 
  flacherie, 
  and 
  gives 
  the 
  physio- 
  

   logical 
  aspects 
  of 
  the 
  question, 
  comparing 
  his 
  results 
  with 
  those 
  

   obtained 
  in 
  Italy 
  by 
  Verson 
  on 
  silkworms. 
  Certain 
  conditions 
  of 
  the 
  

   intestine, 
  known 
  as 
  intestinal 
  catarrh, 
  are 
  regarded 
  by 
  the 
  author 
  as 
  

   different 
  from 
  those 
  which 
  predispose 
  the 
  caterpillar 
  to 
  flacherie. 
  

   Flacherie 
  and 
  polyhedral 
  disease 
  are 
  regarded 
  as 
  distinct 
  on 
  the 
  basis 
  

   of 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  polyhedral 
  bodies, 
  and 
  the 
  symptoms 
  of 
  each 
  are 
  

   discussed. 
  

  

  