﻿530 
  

  

  liibemated 
  before 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  December, 
  whilst 
  during 
  mild 
  spells 
  in 
  

   November 
  and 
  the 
  early 
  part 
  of 
  December 
  of 
  1910 
  and 
  1911, 
  at 
  a 
  

   mean 
  temperature 
  of 
  about 
  42° 
  F., 
  large 
  numbers 
  of 
  hibernating 
  

   individuals 
  appeared 
  and 
  fed 
  on 
  the 
  bud-spurs 
  and 
  tender 
  growth 
  in 
  

   the 
  centre 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  ; 
  they 
  neither 
  fly 
  nor 
  hop 
  at 
  these 
  times, 
  which 
  

   are 
  therefore 
  suitable 
  for 
  spraying. 
  The 
  directions 
  given 
  regarding 
  the 
  

   spraying 
  of 
  both 
  hibernating 
  adults 
  and 
  eggs 
  are 
  the 
  same 
  as 
  those 
  in 
  

   a 
  recent 
  paper 
  by 
  the 
  author 
  and 
  Mr. 
  P. 
  J. 
  Parrott 
  [see 
  this 
  ReviefiM 
  

   Ser. 
  A, 
  i, 
  p. 
  127], 
  but 
  full 
  details 
  of 
  the 
  experiments 
  leading 
  to 
  these 
  

   conclusions 
  are 
  given 
  in 
  the 
  present 
  paper. 
  The 
  importance 
  of 
  

   spraying 
  at 
  both 
  stages 
  is 
  emphasised 
  ; 
  tables 
  are 
  given 
  showing 
  the 
  

   state 
  of 
  the 
  hibernating 
  adults 
  and 
  the 
  condition 
  of 
  the 
  pear 
  trees 
  under 
  

   the 
  varying 
  temperatures 
  between 
  26th 
  March 
  and 
  9th 
  May, 
  for 
  four 
  

   years, 
  from 
  which 
  it 
  appears 
  that 
  the 
  movements 
  of 
  this 
  pest 
  depend 
  

   entirely 
  on 
  the 
  temperature. 
  Oviposition 
  generally 
  begins 
  a 
  few 
  

   days 
  after 
  the 
  spring 
  migration 
  from 
  winter 
  quarters 
  by 
  the 
  adults, 
  

   most 
  of 
  the 
  eggs 
  being 
  laid 
  within 
  two 
  weeks 
  of 
  that 
  date. 
  The 
  results 
  

   of 
  hatching 
  experiments 
  are 
  also 
  tabulated, 
  and 
  observations 
  over 
  

   several 
  years 
  suggest 
  the 
  period 
  to 
  be 
  about 
  three 
  weeks. 
  

  

  ScHULTZE 
  (A.). 
  Die 
  afrikanischen 
  Seldenspinner 
  und 
  ihre 
  wirtschaft- 
  

   liche 
  Bedeutung. 
  [African 
  silkworms 
  and 
  their 
  economic 
  import- 
  

   ance.] 
  — 
  Zeitschr. 
  fur 
  angewandte 
  Entomologie, 
  Berlin, 
  i, 
  no. 
  1, 
  

   April 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  223-231. 
  

  

  Indigenous 
  African 
  silkworms 
  [see 
  this 
  Review, 
  Ser. 
  A, 
  i, 
  p. 
  33 
  

   and 
  ii, 
  pp. 
  547-549], 
  which 
  produce 
  " 
  silk 
  waste," 
  are 
  preyed 
  upon 
  

   by 
  many 
  birds. 
  The 
  chief 
  insect 
  enemy 
  is 
  the 
  ichneumon, 
  Oneitella 
  

   formosa. 
  It 
  has 
  still 
  to 
  be 
  ascertained 
  whether 
  this 
  parasite 
  emerges 
  

   from 
  the 
  nests 
  of 
  Anaphe 
  infracta 
  before 
  or 
  after 
  the 
  host. 
  The 
  

   author 
  disagrees 
  with 
  Morstatt, 
  who 
  has 
  stated 
  that 
  the 
  former 
  is 
  

   the 
  case. 
  The 
  Tineid 
  caterpillar, 
  Metoecis 
  carnifex, 
  Coq., 
  is 
  found 
  

   in 
  the 
  nests 
  of 
  Anaphe 
  and 
  Hypsoides, 
  but 
  only 
  appears 
  to 
  attack 
  

   dead 
  individuals, 
  on 
  which 
  it 
  feeds. 
  

  

  White 
  (G. 
  F.). 
  Destruction 
  of 
  Germs 
  of 
  Infectious 
  Bee 
  Diseases 
  by 
  

   Heating. 
  — 
  U.S. 
  Dept. 
  Agric, 
  Washington, 
  B.C., 
  Bull. 
  no. 
  92, 
  15th 
  

   May 
  1914, 
  8 
  pp. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  this 
  paper 
  the 
  author 
  gives 
  a 
  summary 
  of 
  55 
  

   experiments, 
  carried 
  out 
  during 
  the 
  last 
  two 
  years, 
  with 
  the 
  object 
  

   of 
  discovering 
  the 
  amoimt 
  of 
  heat 
  required 
  to 
  destroy 
  the 
  germs 
  of 
  

   disease 
  in 
  bees. 
  In 
  these 
  experiments, 
  solutions 
  of 
  diseased 
  material 
  

   were 
  kept 
  at 
  various 
  temperatures 
  for 
  periods 
  of 
  10 
  minutes, 
  and 
  

   subsequently 
  fed 
  to 
  healthy 
  colonies 
  of 
  bees. 
  The 
  results 
  are 
  grouped 
  

   into 
  tables, 
  the 
  first 
  dealing 
  with 
  European 
  foul-brood 
  caused 
  by 
  

   Bacillus 
  pluton, 
  in 
  which 
  13 
  inoculation 
  experiments 
  are 
  summarised 
  ; 
  

   these 
  show 
  that 
  at 
  temperatures 
  above 
  63^ 
  C. 
  (145° 
  F.) 
  the 
  germ 
  was 
  

   rendered 
  innocuous. 
  Experiments 
  with 
  American 
  foul-brood, 
  caused 
  

   by 
  Bacillus 
  larvae, 
  were 
  less 
  conclusive, 
  but 
  the 
  critical 
  temperature 
  

   is 
  probably 
  less 
  than 
  98° 
  C. 
  (208° 
  F.). 
  The 
  infecting 
  agent 
  causing 
  

   sac-brood 
  disease 
  has 
  not 
  yet 
  been 
  found, 
  though 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  shown 
  

   to 
  pass 
  through 
  the 
  pores 
  of 
  earthenware 
  filters 
  [see 
  this 
  Review, 
  Ser. 
  A, 
  i, 
  

  

  