﻿531 
  

  

  p. 
  186]. 
  The 
  conclusion 
  drawn 
  from 
  22 
  inoculation 
  experiments 
  

   with 
  this 
  disease 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  sac-brood 
  infecting 
  agent 
  is 
  destroyed 
  

   at 
  a 
  temperature 
  between 
  131° 
  F. 
  and 
  140° 
  F. 
  Nosema 
  disease 
  is 
  

   probably 
  the 
  same 
  as 
  that 
  described 
  57 
  years 
  ago 
  by 
  Donhoff, 
  and 
  

   redescribed 
  five 
  years 
  ago 
  by 
  Zander, 
  who 
  identified 
  the 
  infecting 
  

   agent 
  as 
  a 
  protozoan, 
  which 
  he 
  named 
  Nosema 
  apis. 
  The 
  multiphcation 
  

   and 
  growth 
  of 
  this 
  parasite 
  chiefly 
  occur 
  in 
  the 
  walls 
  of 
  the 
  stomach. 
  

   Many 
  weak 
  colonies 
  show 
  a 
  high 
  percentage 
  of 
  infected 
  bees, 
  particu- 
  

   larly 
  in 
  spring, 
  while 
  even 
  strong 
  colonies 
  often 
  contain 
  a 
  small 
  per- 
  

   centage 
  of 
  individuals 
  thus 
  infected. 
  The 
  geographical 
  distribution 
  

   of 
  this 
  disease 
  is 
  ^vide, 
  and 
  extends 
  over 
  Europe, 
  North 
  America 
  and 
  

   AustraHa. 
  Details 
  are 
  given 
  of 
  20 
  inoculation 
  experiments 
  with 
  

   Nosema 
  apis, 
  and 
  this 
  protozoan 
  is 
  apparently 
  not 
  infective 
  after 
  

   being 
  heated 
  to 
  a 
  temperature 
  of 
  57° 
  C. 
  (137'6° 
  F.) 
  or 
  higher 
  for 
  

   10 
  minutes. 
  Beekeepers 
  should 
  in 
  practice 
  use 
  rather 
  more 
  than 
  

   the 
  minimum 
  temperature 
  given. 
  The 
  melting 
  point 
  of 
  beeswax 
  

   lies 
  between 
  62° 
  C. 
  (143-6° 
  F.) 
  and 
  64° 
  C. 
  (147-2° 
  F.), 
  which 
  temperature 
  

   would 
  destroy 
  European 
  foul-brood, 
  sac-brood 
  and 
  Nosema 
  disease. 
  

  

  Insect 
  pests 
  and 
  fungoid 
  diseases 
  in 
  Barbados, 
  1912-13. 
  — 
  Agric. 
  News, 
  

   Barbados, 
  xiii, 
  nos. 
  315 
  and 
  316, 
  23rd 
  May 
  and 
  6th 
  June 
  1914, 
  

   pp. 
  170-171 
  and 
  186. 
  

  

  The 
  matter 
  abstracted 
  here 
  forms 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  Report 
  of 
  the 
  Local 
  

   Department 
  of 
  Agriculture. 
  Experiments 
  in 
  fumigating 
  cotton-seed 
  

   with 
  sulphur 
  dioxide 
  showed 
  that 
  this 
  gas 
  did 
  not 
  penetrate 
  more 
  

   than 
  3 
  inches 
  into 
  the 
  mass 
  of 
  seed 
  sufficiently 
  to 
  kill 
  the 
  insects 
  

   experimented 
  with, 
  owing 
  to 
  the 
  absorption 
  of 
  the 
  gas 
  by 
  the 
  outer 
  

   layers 
  of 
  seed. 
  Hydrocyanic 
  acid 
  gas 
  was 
  also 
  unsatisfactory, 
  the 
  

   depth 
  of 
  penetration 
  varying 
  from 
  only 
  2 
  inches 
  to 
  10 
  inches. 
  Carbon 
  

   bisulphide 
  was 
  efficient, 
  used 
  at 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  1 
  dram 
  per 
  cubic 
  foot 
  of 
  

   space 
  in 
  the 
  fumigating 
  room, 
  which 
  was 
  kept 
  closed 
  for 
  24 
  hours. 
  

   The 
  order 
  prohibiting 
  the 
  importation 
  of 
  sugar-cane, 
  etc., 
  from 
  

   countries 
  where 
  the 
  froghopper 
  is 
  known 
  to 
  exist 
  was, 
  on 
  21st 
  November 
  

   1912, 
  made 
  to 
  apply 
  to 
  the 
  island 
  of 
  Grenada, 
  where 
  a 
  species 
  of 
  

   froghopper 
  (not 
  on 
  sugar-cane) 
  had 
  been 
  reported 
  to 
  occur. 
  The 
  

   leaf-bhster 
  mite 
  spread 
  to 
  the 
  south-eastern 
  portion 
  of 
  Barbados, 
  

   where 
  it 
  had 
  not 
  occurred 
  in 
  the 
  previous 
  cotton 
  season. 
  Fear 
  of 
  

   the 
  extinction 
  of 
  the 
  cotton 
  industry 
  does 
  not 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  well-founded, 
  

   since 
  in 
  other 
  West 
  Indian 
  islands 
  this 
  mite 
  has 
  been 
  a 
  pest 
  of 
  cotton 
  

   for 
  the 
  last 
  ten 
  years, 
  and 
  cotton 
  continues 
  to 
  produce 
  profitable 
  crops, 
  

   owing 
  to 
  careful 
  plant 
  selection 
  (yielding 
  pure 
  strains 
  of 
  early-maturing 
  

   Sea 
  Island 
  cotton), 
  the 
  picking 
  oQ 
  of 
  the 
  first-infested 
  leaves, 
  and, 
  in 
  

   some 
  instances, 
  the 
  complete 
  destruction 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  cotton 
  as 
  soon 
  

   as 
  the 
  crop 
  is 
  finished, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  secure 
  an 
  interval 
  of 
  several 
  weeks 
  

   before 
  the 
  planting 
  of 
  a 
  new 
  one. 
  Plant 
  inspection 
  resulted 
  in 
  the 
  

   interception 
  of 
  seven 
  species 
  of 
  scale-insects, 
  several 
  species 
  of 
  aphids, 
  

   and 
  five 
  species 
  of 
  caterpillars 
  not 
  known 
  to 
  occur 
  in 
  Barbados. 
  The 
  

   root 
  borer 
  (Diaprepes 
  abbreviatus, 
  L.) 
  is 
  still 
  being 
  studied 
  [see 
  this 
  

   Review, 
  Ser. 
  A, 
  i, 
  p. 
  98, 
  and 
  ii, 
  p. 
  32]. 
  On 
  one 
  estate 
  69,700 
  were 
  col- 
  

   lected, 
  the 
  greatest 
  abundance 
  being 
  in 
  late 
  October 
  and 
  early 
  

   November. 
  The 
  discovery 
  in 
  the 
  previous 
  year 
  of 
  the 
  situation 
  in 
  

   which 
  the 
  eggs 
  were 
  laid 
  made 
  it 
  possible 
  to 
  collect 
  these 
  when 
  the 
  

  

  (C67) 
  a2 
  

  

  