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  poinonella 
  in 
  California. 
  It 
  is 
  now 
  geperally 
  accepted 
  that 
  the 
  parasite 
  

   has 
  been 
  sufficiently 
  tried 
  and 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  unsatisfactory. 
  

   In 
  California, 
  apples, 
  where 
  grown 
  commercially, 
  are 
  placed 
  in 
  bins 
  

   immediately 
  after 
  picking, 
  consequently 
  the 
  codling-moth 
  larvae 
  seek 
  

   winter 
  quarters 
  in 
  the 
  packing-house, 
  where 
  they 
  are 
  practically 
  free 
  

   from 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  parasites. 
  But 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  factor 
  in 
  the 
  

   inefficiency 
  of 
  Calliephialtes 
  is 
  the 
  inaccessibihty 
  of 
  the 
  codhng-moth 
  

   larvae, 
  the 
  majority 
  of 
  the 
  cocoons 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  so 
  situated 
  (in 
  cracks 
  

   and 
  crevices 
  in 
  trees 
  and 
  the 
  ground) 
  as 
  to 
  be 
  out 
  of 
  reach 
  of 
  the 
  

   ovipositor 
  of 
  the 
  ichneumon. 
  

  

  The 
  males, 
  which 
  outnumber 
  the 
  females 
  in 
  the 
  proportion 
  of 
  three 
  

   to 
  one, 
  emerge 
  about 
  nine 
  days 
  before 
  them. 
  The 
  newly-emerged 
  

   female 
  requires 
  about 
  nine 
  days 
  to 
  develop 
  eggs, 
  which 
  are 
  deposited 
  

   singly 
  in 
  any 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  host 
  cocoon 
  ; 
  apparently 
  less 
  than 
  one 
  

   hundred 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid. 
  The 
  life 
  of 
  the 
  male 
  is 
  considerably 
  shorter 
  

   than 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  female, 
  which 
  hves 
  for 
  from 
  two 
  to 
  three 
  months. 
  

   There 
  are 
  from 
  five 
  to 
  seven 
  broods 
  in 
  Cahfornia 
  in 
  each 
  year. 
  The 
  

   eggs 
  hatch 
  in 
  about 
  68 
  hours 
  at 
  a 
  mean 
  temperature 
  of 
  62° 
  F. 
  The 
  

   five 
  larval 
  stages 
  occupy 
  from 
  17-23 
  days, 
  and 
  the 
  larva 
  requires 
  from 
  

   four 
  to 
  five 
  days 
  to 
  complete 
  the 
  cocoon, 
  which 
  is 
  spun 
  inside 
  that 
  of 
  

   the 
  host. 
  The 
  pupal 
  stage 
  lasts 
  from 
  13 
  to 
  24 
  days, 
  the 
  whole 
  cycle 
  

   thus 
  occupying 
  from 
  40 
  to 
  50 
  days 
  at 
  a 
  temperature 
  of 
  about 
  61° 
  F. 
  

  

  Smith 
  (H. 
  S.). 
  The 
  Importation 
  of 
  Black 
  Scale 
  Parasites 
  from 
  South 
  

   Africa. 
  — 
  Mthly. 
  Bull. 
  State 
  Commiss. 
  Hortic, 
  Sacramento, 
  Cal., 
  

   iii, 
  no. 
  5, 
  May 
  1914, 
  p. 
  212. 
  

  

  Shipments 
  of 
  twigs 
  of 
  Sparmannia 
  africana, 
  infested 
  with 
  the 
  black 
  

   scale 
  {Saissetia 
  oleae), 
  have 
  been 
  received 
  at 
  Sacramento 
  from 
  the 
  

   Department 
  of 
  Agriculture, 
  Union 
  of 
  S. 
  Africa. 
  Eleven 
  species 
  of 
  

   undetermined 
  parasites 
  have 
  been 
  reared 
  from 
  this 
  material, 
  two 
  

   of 
  them, 
  which 
  are 
  primary, 
  in 
  considerable 
  numbers. 
  One 
  of 
  the 
  

   remaining 
  species 
  has 
  been 
  ascertained 
  to 
  be 
  secondary, 
  and 
  some 
  of 
  

   the 
  others 
  also 
  fall 
  into 
  this 
  category. 
  Both 
  primary 
  species 
  emerge 
  

   from 
  the 
  young 
  scale 
  before 
  the 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid, 
  and 
  they 
  should 
  therefore 
  

   become 
  valuable 
  supplements 
  to 
  Scutellista 
  and 
  Tomocera, 
  which 
  

   attack 
  the 
  scale 
  after 
  the 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid. 
  So 
  far 
  as 
  chmatic 
  conditions 
  

   are 
  concerned, 
  these 
  new 
  parasites 
  seem 
  Hkely 
  to 
  become 
  estabhshed 
  

   in 
  Cahfornia. 
  They 
  evidently 
  play 
  an 
  important 
  role 
  in 
  the 
  control 
  

   of 
  the 
  black 
  scale 
  in 
  South 
  Africa, 
  and 
  every 
  effort 
  "SAdll 
  be 
  made 
  to 
  

   estabhsh 
  them. 
  

  

  VosLER 
  (E. 
  J.). 
  Calendar 
  of 
  Insect 
  Pests 
  and 
  Plant 
  Diseases. 
  — 
  Mthly. 
  

   Bull. 
  State 
  Commiss. 
  Hortic., 
  Sacramento, 
  Cal., 
  iii, 
  no. 
  5, 
  May 
  

   1914, 
  pp. 
  214-218. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  draws 
  attention 
  to 
  several 
  orange 
  thrips, 
  which 
  distort 
  

   the 
  leaves 
  or 
  discolour 
  the 
  fruit. 
  The 
  spray 
  recommended 
  by 
  the 
  

   U.S. 
  Bureau 
  of 
  Entomology 
  consists 
  of 
  : 
  Commercial 
  lime-sulphur 
  

   33° 
  Beaume, 
  2 
  J 
  gals. 
  ; 
  black-leaf 
  extract, 
  2 
  gals, 
  of 
  2f 
  per 
  cent. 
  ; 
  

   water 
  200 
  gals. 
  A 
  pressure 
  as 
  strong 
  as 
  is 
  possible 
  should 
  always 
  be 
  

   maintained 
  and 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  necessary 
  to 
  make 
  several 
  apphcations. 
  

   The 
  first 
  is 
  usually 
  apphed 
  just 
  after 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  petals 
  have 
  fallen 
  ; 
  

   the 
  second, 
  ten 
  to 
  fourteen 
  days 
  later 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  third, 
  three 
  to 
  four 
  

   weeks 
  after 
  the 
  second. 
  

  

  