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  increased 
  within 
  the 
  last 
  few 
  years 
  and 
  are 
  now 
  so 
  numerous 
  that 
  

   it 
  is 
  absolutely 
  necessary 
  for 
  the 
  farmer 
  to 
  begin 
  to 
  study 
  their 
  habits 
  

   and 
  the 
  methods 
  of 
  controlhng 
  them. 
  

  

  Amongst 
  reasons 
  for 
  this 
  increase 
  the 
  author 
  cites 
  the 
  following 
  : 
  — 
  

   (1) 
  The 
  destruction 
  of 
  the 
  original 
  food-plants 
  and 
  the 
  adaptation 
  of 
  

   the 
  pests 
  to 
  cultivated 
  crops 
  ; 
  (2) 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  insectivorous 
  birds 
  

   and 
  animals 
  ; 
  (3) 
  greatly 
  increased 
  communication, 
  which 
  has 
  facih- 
  

   tated 
  the 
  transport 
  of 
  insect 
  pests 
  from 
  place 
  to 
  place, 
  generally 
  without 
  

   their 
  parasites, 
  so 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  natural 
  agency 
  to 
  hold 
  them 
  in 
  

   check 
  ; 
  (4) 
  years 
  ago, 
  when 
  farms 
  w^ere 
  very 
  scattered, 
  the 
  migration 
  

   of 
  pests 
  from 
  one 
  farm 
  to 
  another 
  was 
  not 
  easy, 
  but 
  now 
  that 
  the 
  

   country 
  is 
  more 
  cultivated 
  and 
  farms 
  He 
  close 
  to 
  one 
  another 
  this 
  

   natural 
  barrier 
  has 
  disappeared 
  ; 
  (5) 
  it 
  was 
  a 
  practice, 
  when 
  the 
  

   author 
  was 
  a 
  boy, 
  to 
  bum 
  all 
  rubbish 
  on 
  the 
  farms 
  every 
  year, 
  but 
  

   there 
  was 
  then 
  no 
  proper 
  rotation 
  of 
  crops, 
  and 
  the 
  farmers 
  discovered 
  

   that 
  this 
  system 
  deprived 
  the 
  soil 
  of 
  necessary 
  humus 
  and 
  the 
  burning 
  

   of 
  rubbish 
  ceased, 
  to 
  the 
  great 
  advantage 
  of 
  many 
  insect 
  pests 
  ; 
  (6) 
  

   when 
  farms 
  w^ere 
  smaller 
  the 
  crops 
  were 
  harvested 
  early 
  enough 
  to 
  

   enable 
  autumn 
  ploughing, 
  at 
  present 
  the 
  farms 
  are 
  so 
  large 
  that 
  this 
  

   cannot 
  be 
  done 
  and 
  consequently 
  the 
  pests 
  can 
  hibernate 
  in 
  peace 
  ; 
  

   (7) 
  many 
  fields 
  and 
  useless 
  orchards 
  have 
  been 
  abandoned 
  and 
  left 
  

   in 
  a 
  state 
  of 
  utter 
  neglect, 
  and 
  these 
  provide 
  good 
  breeding 
  places 
  

   for 
  pests. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  then 
  goes 
  on 
  to 
  describe 
  very 
  briefly 
  the 
  ordinary 
  

   methods 
  for 
  combating 
  such 
  insects 
  and 
  strongly 
  advises 
  the 
  farmers 
  

   to 
  acquaint 
  themselves 
  \sdth 
  the 
  habits 
  of 
  those 
  pests 
  which 
  come 
  

   under 
  their 
  notice, 
  to 
  report 
  to 
  the 
  Department 
  of 
  Agriculture 
  and 
  

   seek 
  advice 
  before 
  the 
  damage 
  becomes 
  too 
  serious. 
  He 
  cites 
  a 
  case 
  

   where 
  a 
  farmer 
  saved 
  his 
  entire 
  cotton 
  crop 
  of 
  80 
  acres 
  by 
  using 
  turkeys 
  

   to 
  eat 
  the 
  grasshoppers. 
  This 
  was 
  effected 
  by 
  keeping 
  the 
  turkeys 
  

   under 
  control, 
  they 
  being 
  only 
  driven 
  round 
  the 
  fields 
  at 
  regular 
  

   intervals, 
  so 
  that 
  they 
  were 
  hungry 
  and 
  active. 
  A 
  neighbouring 
  

   farmer 
  who 
  did 
  not 
  adopt 
  this 
  method 
  lost 
  25 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  his 
  crop. 
  

   The 
  grasshoppers 
  make 
  very 
  good 
  food 
  for 
  turkeys, 
  and 
  he 
  strongly 
  

   advises 
  the 
  breeding 
  of 
  turkeys 
  in 
  grasshopper 
  areas, 
  not 
  only 
  as 
  a 
  

   source 
  of 
  profit, 
  but 
  as 
  useful 
  aids 
  to 
  the 
  farmer 
  in 
  keeping 
  down 
  

   pests. 
  

  

  Morris 
  (H. 
  E.) 
  & 
  Parker 
  (J. 
  R.). 
  Fungicides 
  and 
  Insecticides 
  for 
  

  

  Montana. 
  — 
  Montana 
  Agric. 
  Expt. 
  Sta., 
  Bozeman, 
  Circ. 
  no. 
  16, 
  

   Feb. 
  1914, 
  56 
  pp. 
  [Received 
  16th 
  June, 
  1914.] 
  

  

  This 
  bulletin 
  is 
  intended 
  to 
  give 
  the 
  fruit-grower 
  and 
  farmer 
  a 
  more 
  

   or 
  less 
  concise 
  account 
  of 
  each 
  compound 
  or 
  mixture 
  generally 
  in 
  use. 
  

   The 
  authors 
  devote 
  17 
  pages 
  to 
  fungicides, 
  and 
  the 
  remainder 
  to 
  

   insecticides 
  ; 
  only 
  the 
  more 
  important 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  are 
  here 
  noticed. 
  

   According 
  to 
  the 
  insecticide 
  laws 
  of 
  the 
  State 
  of 
  Montana, 
  Paris 
  green 
  

   must 
  contain 
  arsenic 
  equivalent 
  to 
  not 
  less 
  than 
  20 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  arsenious 
  

   oxide, 
  and 
  must 
  not 
  contain 
  more 
  than 
  3| 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  arsenious 
  oxide 
  

   soluble 
  in 
  water. 
  The 
  following 
  rough 
  test 
  for 
  adulteration 
  is 
  given 
  : 
  — 
  

   Four 
  tablespoonfuls 
  of 
  strong 
  ammonia 
  are 
  added 
  to 
  one 
  teaspooniul 
  

   of 
  Paris 
  green 
  in 
  a 
  glass 
  ; 
  if 
  the 
  whole 
  does 
  not 
  dissolve 
  to 
  a 
  clear 
  blue 
  

   liquid, 
  adulterants 
  are 
  present; 
  but 
  the 
  adulterants 
  may 
  be 
  so 
  

  

  