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  atronitens) 
  and 
  the 
  soldier 
  bird 
  {Leistes 
  militaris), 
  which 
  damage 
  rice, 
  

   and 
  parrots, 
  tanagers 
  and 
  others 
  which 
  injure 
  fruit 
  crops 
  ; 
  none 
  

   of 
  these 
  are 
  insectivorous. 
  The 
  wren 
  {Troglodytes 
  rufulns) 
  is 
  useful 
  

   in 
  gardens 
  and 
  orchards 
  in 
  eating 
  harmful 
  insects, 
  but 
  is 
  itself 
  preyed 
  

   upon 
  by 
  the 
  oat 
  bird. 
  Hymenopterous 
  parasites, 
  Tachinid 
  and 
  

   Syrphid 
  flies 
  play 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  part 
  in 
  controUing 
  insect 
  pests 
  

   in 
  Trinidad. 
  One 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  valuable 
  Hymenopterous 
  parasites 
  

   is 
  Anagriis 
  flaveolus, 
  which 
  preys 
  upon 
  the 
  eggs 
  of 
  the 
  corn-leaf 
  hopper 
  

   (Peregrinus 
  maidis), 
  destroying 
  75-80 
  per 
  cent. 
  The 
  cotton 
  worm 
  

   {Alabama 
  argillacea) 
  is 
  efficiently 
  held 
  in 
  check 
  in 
  Trinidad 
  by 
  Tachinid 
  

   flies 
  {Phorocera 
  sp.), 
  w^hile 
  Syrphid 
  flies 
  reduce 
  the 
  numbers 
  of 
  

   Aphids, 
  Coccids 
  and 
  froghoppers. 
  

  

  Dalmasso 
  (G.). 
  I 
  risultati 
  d'un 
  primo 
  anno 
  di 
  lotta 
  organizzata 
  contro 
  

   le 
  tignuole 
  dell'uva 
  in 
  Piemonte. 
  [The 
  results 
  of 
  a 
  first 
  year 
  of 
  

   organised 
  combat 
  against 
  the 
  vine 
  moth 
  in 
  Piedmont.] 
  — 
  Riv. 
  Vitic. 
  

   End. 
  Agrar., 
  Conegliano, 
  xx, 
  no. 
  9, 
  1st 
  May 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  193-197. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  vine-gromng 
  districts 
  of 
  Piedmont, 
  Polychrosis 
  botrana 
  is 
  

   much 
  more 
  numerous 
  than 
  Clysia 
  ambiguella. 
  In 
  1913, 
  the 
  spring 
  

   and 
  summer 
  generations 
  were 
  injurious, 
  but 
  the 
  autumn 
  or 
  third 
  

   generation 
  did 
  little 
  harm, 
  as 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  appeared 
  after 
  the 
  

   vintage. 
  Weather 
  conditions 
  explain 
  this 
  fact, 
  which 
  supplies 
  the 
  key 
  

   to 
  an 
  apparent 
  anomaly 
  in 
  the 
  behaviour 
  of 
  Polychrosis, 
  which 
  some- 
  

   times 
  destroys 
  a 
  large 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  grapes 
  a 
  few^ 
  days 
  before 
  the 
  

   vintage 
  and 
  at 
  other 
  times 
  ceases 
  to 
  be 
  injurious 
  at 
  this 
  period. 
  

   Nicotin, 
  as 
  a 
  controlling 
  agent, 
  was 
  chiefly 
  adopted 
  and 
  its 
  effects 
  varied 
  

   very 
  considerably. 
  This 
  variation 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  modes 
  of 
  application 
  

   and 
  to 
  the 
  inconstant 
  composition 
  of 
  nicotin 
  in 
  Italy. 
  The 
  campaign 
  

   is 
  to 
  be 
  renewed 
  in 
  1914, 
  and 
  the 
  author 
  suggests 
  that 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  

   prepared 
  for 
  by 
  cleaning 
  the 
  vines, 
  arranging 
  shelter 
  traps 
  and 
  dis- 
  

   seminating 
  parasites. 
  The 
  latter 
  object 
  may 
  be 
  attained 
  by 
  placing 
  

   infested 
  grapes 
  in 
  pans 
  covered 
  with 
  fine 
  wire 
  gauze 
  which 
  will 
  allow 
  

   the 
  parasites 
  only 
  to 
  escape. 
  The 
  author 
  dissents 
  from 
  the 
  statement 
  

   — 
  made 
  in 
  the 
  report 
  on 
  the 
  campaign 
  — 
  that 
  arsenate 
  of 
  lead 
  is 
  the 
  

   best 
  insecticide 
  to 
  use 
  against 
  the 
  first 
  generation. 
  

  

  ScHOUTEDEN 
  (H.). 
  Les 
  Orthopteres 
  nuisibles 
  aux 
  Plantations 
  en 
  

   Afrique. 
  [Orthoptera 
  harmful 
  to 
  plantations 
  in 
  Africa.] 
  — 
  Rev. 
  

   Zool. 
  Afric., 
  Brussels, 
  iii, 
  no. 
  3, 
  25th 
  May 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  464-470, 
  2 
  pi. 
  

  

  Among 
  the 
  most 
  harmful 
  African 
  Orthoptera 
  are 
  Zonocerus 
  variegatus 
  

   and 
  Z. 
  elegans, 
  which 
  are 
  widespread 
  in 
  both 
  East 
  and 
  West 
  Africa 
  ; 
  

   Z. 
  elegans 
  is 
  found 
  as 
  far 
  east 
  as 
  Madagascar 
  ; 
  in 
  the 
  Congo 
  Z. 
  variegatus 
  

   is 
  the 
  more 
  common 
  species. 
  The 
  damage 
  these 
  insects 
  do 
  is 
  rendered 
  

   greater 
  by 
  the 
  wide 
  range 
  of 
  plants, 
  such 
  as 
  rubber, 
  cacao, 
  coffee, 
  

   cotton, 
  etc., 
  which 
  they 
  attack. 
  In 
  East 
  Africa, 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  

   Z. 
  elegans 
  appear 
  in 
  October 
  and 
  the 
  adults 
  in 
  January. 
  In 
  Nigeria, 
  

   the 
  larvae 
  of 
  Z. 
  variegatus 
  appear 
  in 
  October 
  and 
  are 
  to 
  be 
  observed 
  

   as 
  late 
  as 
  the 
  following 
  March. 
  The 
  best 
  method 
  to 
  combat 
  Zonocerus 
  

   seems 
  to 
  be 
  to 
  catch 
  the 
  insects 
  directly 
  in 
  nets, 
  and 
  drop 
  them 
  into 
  

   vessels 
  containing 
  w^ater 
  with 
  a 
  layer 
  of 
  petroleum 
  on 
  the 
  surface. 
  

   The 
  best 
  time 
  to 
  do 
  this 
  is 
  just 
  before 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  the 
  adults. 
  

  

  