﻿600 
  

  

  of 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  fungus, 
  Empusa 
  sphaerosperma, 
  which 
  effectively 
  

   controls 
  outbreaks 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  east 
  of 
  the 
  Mississippi, 
  but 
  its 
  estab- 
  

   lishment 
  in 
  the 
  Payette 
  Valley 
  is 
  being 
  attempted, 
  though 
  some 
  

   anxiety 
  is 
  felt 
  on 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  dry 
  chmate 
  being 
  possibly 
  unfavourable 
  

   to 
  the 
  rapid 
  spread 
  of 
  the 
  fungus. 
  

  

  Butler 
  (H.;. 
  An 
  unusual 
  Occurrence 
  of 
  Walking-Sticks. 
  — 
  Jl. 
  Econ, 
  

   Entom., 
  Concord, 
  vii, 
  no. 
  3, 
  June 
  1913, 
  p. 
  299. 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  summer 
  of 
  1913, 
  the 
  woods 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Peterson, 
  

   Iowa, 
  were 
  infested 
  with 
  large 
  numbers 
  of 
  a 
  stick-insect, 
  Diapheromera 
  

   femorata. 
  The 
  woods 
  consist 
  chiefly 
  of 
  oak, 
  with 
  smaller 
  numbers 
  

   of 
  elm, 
  ash, 
  aspen, 
  Hnden, 
  hickory, 
  and 
  black 
  walnut, 
  and 
  have 
  a 
  

   heavy 
  undergrowth 
  of 
  hazel. 
  In 
  May 
  the 
  hazel 
  was 
  covered 
  with 
  

   newly 
  hatched 
  insects, 
  which 
  in 
  August 
  began 
  to 
  leave 
  the 
  timber 
  

   and 
  appeared 
  in 
  the 
  orchards, 
  one 
  tree 
  of 
  early 
  apples 
  being 
  defohated. 
  

   By 
  September, 
  the 
  foHage 
  in 
  the 
  woods 
  was 
  destroyed 
  in 
  large 
  patches. 
  

  

  Turner 
  (W. 
  F.). 
  The 
  Oak 
  Scale 
  (Lecanium 
  quercifex, 
  Fitch) 
  and 
  its 
  

   control. 
  — 
  Alabama 
  Agric. 
  Expt. 
  Sta., 
  Auburn, 
  Circular 
  no. 
  28, 
  

   June 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  105-110, 
  1 
  fig. 
  

  

  Eulecanium 
  {Lecanium) 
  quercifex, 
  Fitch, 
  the 
  oak 
  scale, 
  is 
  found 
  

   throughout 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  and 
  even 
  in 
  Canada, 
  and 
  has 
  been 
  taken 
  

   on 
  black 
  oak 
  (Quercus 
  velutina), 
  red 
  oak 
  {Q. 
  rubra), 
  scarlet 
  oak 
  (Q. 
  

   coccinea), 
  willow 
  oak 
  {Q. 
  phellos), 
  live 
  oak 
  (Q. 
  virginiana) 
  and 
  white 
  

   oak 
  {Q. 
  alba), 
  besides 
  the 
  elm, 
  iron-wood, 
  and 
  chinquepin. 
  Its 
  chief 
  

   food-plant 
  is 
  the 
  water 
  oak 
  (Q. 
  nigra) 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  chiefly 
  harmful 
  in 
  the 
  

   South 
  Atlantic 
  and 
  Gulf 
  Coast 
  States. 
  The 
  author 
  points 
  out 
  that 
  the 
  

   dates 
  given 
  are 
  probably 
  late 
  for 
  South 
  and 
  early 
  for 
  North 
  Alabama. 
  

   Oviposition, 
  which 
  continues 
  for 
  three 
  weeks, 
  in 
  1911 
  commenced 
  

   about 
  1st 
  April, 
  and 
  in 
  1912 
  about 
  13th 
  April. 
  The 
  average 
  number 
  of 
  

   eggs 
  laid 
  by 
  each 
  female 
  is 
  about 
  4,000, 
  and 
  these 
  hatch 
  in 
  about 
  twenty- 
  

   six 
  days. 
  The 
  young 
  nymphs 
  are 
  very 
  active 
  and 
  may 
  travel 
  con- 
  

   siderable 
  distances 
  before 
  settling, 
  and 
  they 
  are 
  carried 
  from 
  tree 
  to 
  

   tree 
  by 
  birds, 
  large 
  insects, 
  or 
  perhaps 
  by 
  the 
  wind. 
  Examinations 
  

   were 
  made 
  of 
  several 
  heavily-infested 
  trees, 
  and 
  while 
  the 
  branches 
  

   and 
  twigs 
  were 
  covered 
  with 
  the 
  migrating 
  young, 
  none 
  could 
  be 
  

   found 
  on 
  the 
  main 
  trunk 
  more 
  than 
  six 
  inches 
  from 
  the 
  bases 
  of 
  the 
  

   branches 
  and 
  perhaps 
  a 
  foot 
  from 
  the 
  nearest 
  adult. 
  It 
  is 
  doubtful 
  

   whether 
  the 
  young 
  ever 
  crawl 
  to 
  the 
  ground, 
  at 
  least, 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  

   large 
  rough-barked 
  trees. 
  Laboratory 
  experiments 
  showed 
  that 
  42*2 
  

   per 
  cent, 
  of 
  the 
  nymphs 
  that 
  settled, 
  did 
  so 
  on 
  the 
  upper 
  surface 
  of 
  

   the 
  leaves 
  of 
  water 
  oak, 
  and 
  57*8 
  per 
  cent, 
  on 
  the 
  lower 
  surface 
  — 
  

   principally 
  along 
  the 
  main 
  or 
  larger 
  lateral 
  veins, 
  though 
  experiments 
  

   failed 
  to 
  determine 
  the 
  percentages 
  of 
  individuals 
  which 
  actually 
  

   settled. 
  The 
  nymphs 
  remain 
  on 
  the 
  leaves 
  until 
  autumn, 
  migration 
  

   to 
  the 
  small 
  twigs 
  beginning 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  September 
  and 
  continuing 
  

   up 
  to 
  early 
  winter, 
  though 
  probably 
  a 
  large 
  percentage 
  of 
  the 
  nymphs 
  

   are 
  shed 
  with 
  the 
  leaves 
  and 
  never 
  reach 
  maturity. 
  The 
  young 
  remain 
  

   dormant 
  on 
  the 
  twigs 
  until 
  February, 
  when 
  a 
  rapid 
  growth 
  until 
  the 
  

   end 
  of 
  March 
  begins. 
  The 
  female 
  begins 
  to 
  lay 
  eggs 
  soon 
  after 
  attaining 
  

   full 
  growth, 
  but 
  the 
  male 
  and 
  time 
  of 
  mating 
  are 
  unknown. 
  

  

  