﻿C19 
  

  

  In 
  young 
  specimens 
  of 
  P. 
  excelsa 
  the 
  needles 
  do 
  not 
  turn 
  browTi, 
  

   but 
  are 
  mottled 
  with 
  yellow 
  spots. 
  

  

  The 
  author 
  has 
  been 
  unable 
  to 
  find 
  any 
  sexuparae, 
  but 
  the 
  apterous 
  

   forms 
  are 
  found 
  from 
  early 
  January 
  throughout 
  the 
  year 
  into 
  December. 
  

   The 
  first 
  winged 
  forms 
  were 
  observed 
  in 
  Woking 
  on 
  March 
  20th. 
  At 
  

   Wye 
  they 
  were 
  never 
  noticed 
  until 
  June, 
  but 
  were 
  numerous 
  in 
  July 
  

   and 
  August. 
  Apterous 
  viviparous 
  females 
  occur 
  throughout 
  the 
  

   winter 
  and 
  occasionally 
  produce 
  young. 
  The 
  apterous 
  form 
  is 
  

   generally 
  found 
  along 
  the 
  needles, 
  one 
  on 
  each, 
  giving 
  rise 
  to 
  a 
  colony 
  

   of 
  young, 
  which 
  spread 
  out 
  and 
  adopt 
  the 
  same 
  habit, 
  and 
  where 
  the 
  

   apterous 
  mother 
  feeds 
  a 
  yellow 
  spot 
  occurs. 
  They 
  do 
  not 
  appear 
  to 
  

   attack 
  the 
  new 
  growth 
  to 
  any 
  extent 
  in 
  summer, 
  but 
  may 
  be 
  found 
  

   on 
  it 
  in 
  small 
  numbers 
  in 
  autumn 
  and 
  winter. 
  Though 
  this 
  aphia 
  

   has 
  a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  natural 
  enemies, 
  few, 
  if 
  any, 
  parasites 
  or 
  pre- 
  

   daceous 
  insects 
  attack 
  it 
  in 
  winter 
  when 
  its 
  numbers 
  are 
  few, 
  nor 
  do 
  

   they 
  appear 
  until 
  June 
  and 
  July, 
  long 
  after 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  damage 
  has 
  

   been 
  done. 
  Later 
  in 
  the 
  year 
  they 
  are 
  preyed 
  upon 
  by 
  two 
  species 
  of 
  

   Phalangidae 
  and 
  the 
  adults 
  and 
  larvae 
  of 
  a 
  species 
  of 
  Sctjmnns. 
  

   The 
  most 
  interesting 
  enemy 
  of 
  this 
  aphis 
  is 
  the 
  long-eared 
  bat, 
  which 
  

   was 
  seen 
  hovering 
  over 
  and 
  cHnging 
  to 
  the 
  branches 
  of 
  infested 
  trees, 
  

   and 
  when 
  shot 
  was 
  found 
  to 
  contain 
  hundreds 
  of 
  both 
  winged 
  females 
  

   and 
  the 
  apterous 
  and 
  nymphal 
  forms. 
  Other 
  enemies 
  included 
  two 
  

   Chalcids, 
  several 
  Syrphid 
  larvae, 
  and 
  Adalia 
  bipunctata. 
  

  

  In 
  plantations 
  preventive 
  measures 
  would 
  not 
  repay 
  the 
  cost, 
  but 
  

   in 
  nurseries 
  or 
  on 
  isolated 
  trees 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  great 
  difficulty 
  in 
  destroying 
  

   this 
  pest. 
  Various 
  washes 
  were 
  tried, 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  most 
  effective 
  were 
  : 
  

   Paraffin 
  jelly, 
  nicotin 
  and 
  soft 
  soap, 
  quassia 
  and 
  soft 
  soap, 
  and 
  such 
  

   patent 
  washes 
  as 
  White's 
  Abol, 
  MacDougall's 
  Summer 
  Wash, 
  and 
  

   Cook's 
  Tobacco 
  Wash. 
  A 
  very 
  fine 
  spray, 
  apphed 
  with 
  force, 
  should 
  

   be 
  used, 
  and 
  the 
  foliage 
  thoroughly 
  wetted. 
  Winter 
  treatment 
  with 
  

   strong 
  paraffin-jelly 
  yielded 
  good 
  results 
  and 
  will 
  probably 
  prove 
  ta 
  

   be 
  the 
  best 
  method 
  of 
  control. 
  

  

  Deakin 
  (R. 
  H.). 
  The 
  Caterpillars 
  attacking 
  the 
  oaks 
  of 
  Richmond 
  

   Park, 
  with 
  an 
  account 
  of 
  an 
  experimental 
  spraying 
  with 
  Lead 
  

   Chromate. 
  — 
  Ann. 
  App.Biol., 
  Cambridge 
  Univ. 
  Press, 
  i, 
  no. 
  1, 
  May 
  

   1914, 
  pp. 
  77-84, 
  8 
  pis. 
  

  

  The 
  oak 
  trees 
  of 
  Richmond 
  Park 
  have 
  suffered 
  very 
  extensively 
  of 
  

   late 
  years 
  from 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  Lepidopterous 
  larvae, 
  the 
  maximum 
  

   damage 
  occurring 
  about 
  June. 
  The 
  Ham 
  Cross 
  Plantation, 
  consisting 
  

   of 
  about 
  400 
  large 
  oak 
  trees 
  planted 
  in 
  1825, 
  was 
  chosen 
  for 
  experiment, 
  

   and 
  upon 
  them 
  in 
  the 
  third 
  week 
  of 
  April 
  the 
  following 
  larvae 
  were 
  

   found 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  NocTUiDAE 
  : 
  Calymnia 
  trapezina, 
  L. 
  Geometridae 
  : 
  Oporabia 
  

   dilutata, 
  Bkh., 
  Hybernia 
  defoliaria, 
  CI., 
  Cheimatobia 
  brwnata, 
  L. 
  

   Sparganothidae 
  : 
  Batodes 
  {Capua) 
  angiistiorana, 
  Hw. 
  Olethreu- 
  

   TiDAE 
  : 
  Eucosma 
  (Spilonota) 
  ocellana, 
  Schift'., 
  Gypsonoma 
  dealbana, 
  

   Frol. 
  (incarnana 
  Hw., 
  nee 
  Hb.). 
  Tortricidae 
  : 
  Tortrix 
  viridana, 
  L., 
  

   T. 
  (Pandemis) 
  ribeana, 
  Hb., 
  Cacoecia 
  (Tortrix) 
  podana, 
  Sc, 
  C^ 
  

   xylosteana, 
  L., 
  and 
  C. 
  lecheana, 
  L. 
  Coleophoridae 
  : 
  Coleophora 
  luti- 
  

   pennella, 
  Z. 
  

  

  