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  them 
  from 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  Tachinids 
  and 
  other 
  parasites 
  with 
  short 
  

   ovipositors. 
  Both 
  these 
  caterpillars 
  are 
  figured 
  and 
  described. 
  In 
  

   March 
  and 
  April 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  R. 
  auratus 
  were 
  foimd 
  in 
  the 
  

   earth, 
  showing 
  that 
  some 
  of 
  them 
  do 
  not 
  winter 
  in 
  the 
  pupal 
  stage. 
  

   This 
  pest 
  injures 
  the 
  ovaries 
  of 
  peach 
  trees, 
  and 
  appears 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  

   recognised 
  as 
  a 
  pest 
  in 
  Turkestan 
  for 
  a 
  very 
  long 
  time, 
  and 
  an 
  old 
  

   legend 
  is 
  quoted 
  according 
  to 
  which 
  a 
  former 
  Khan 
  of 
  Turkestan 
  

   ordered 
  the 
  digging 
  out 
  and 
  the 
  destruction 
  of 
  the 
  pupae 
  of 
  this 
  insect. 
  

   The 
  minute 
  cases 
  of 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  of 
  Coleophorafabriciella 
  cover 
  the 
  

   young 
  buds 
  on 
  which 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  feed. 
  They 
  hibernate 
  in 
  the 
  

   deep 
  cracks 
  in 
  the 
  bark 
  of 
  the 
  large 
  peach 
  trees 
  in 
  great 
  numbers. 
  

   At 
  the 
  blooming 
  period 
  peach 
  and 
  other 
  fruit-trees 
  are 
  also 
  attacked 
  

   by 
  Eulecanium 
  (Physokermes) 
  coryli, 
  L., 
  E. 
  bituberculatum, 
  Targ., 
  

   E. 
  jpyri, 
  Schr., 
  Diaspis 
  fallax, 
  Franc. 
  & 
  Kruger, 
  Epidiaspis 
  piricola, 
  

   Del 
  Guercio, 
  and 
  allied 
  species. 
  Early 
  in 
  May 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  of 
  Biston 
  

   cinerarius 
  pupate 
  in 
  the 
  ground 
  around 
  the 
  trunks, 
  mostly 
  at 
  a 
  depth 
  

   of 
  2J 
  inches 
  and 
  at 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  about 
  7 
  inches 
  from 
  them 
  ; 
  no 
  pupae 
  

   were 
  found 
  at 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  more 
  than 
  4 
  or 
  5 
  feet 
  from 
  the 
  trunk 
  or 
  

   deeper 
  than 
  5 
  inches. 
  The 
  imagines 
  appear 
  early 
  in 
  spring 
  ; 
  in 
  the 
  

   laboratory, 
  wingless 
  females 
  emerged 
  in 
  1913 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  February. 
  

  

  A 
  similar 
  defohation 
  of 
  pear 
  trees 
  in 
  Tashkent 
  has 
  been 
  observed, 
  

   which 
  is 
  caused 
  hy 
  Poly 
  drosus 
  obliquatus, 
  Faust, 
  and 
  P.ferganensis, 
  

   Faust, 
  the 
  latter 
  weevil 
  appearing 
  more 
  frequently 
  on 
  apples 
  and 
  

   stone-fruits. 
  Digging 
  operations 
  showed 
  that 
  pupae 
  of 
  C. 
  subiilis 
  

   were 
  not 
  found 
  very 
  near 
  the 
  trunks 
  of 
  trees, 
  but 
  occurred 
  at 
  a 
  

   distance 
  of 
  3J 
  ft. 
  from 
  the 
  trunk, 
  near 
  the 
  surface, 
  in 
  earthen 
  cocoons, 
  

   and 
  it 
  is 
  thought 
  that 
  hard 
  soil 
  with 
  cracks 
  in 
  it, 
  covered 
  with 
  grass, 
  

   is 
  essential 
  for 
  the 
  pupation 
  of 
  this 
  species. 
  Therefore 
  in 
  Fergana, 
  

   where 
  the 
  peasants 
  dig 
  the 
  ground 
  round 
  the 
  trees, 
  dressing 
  it 
  with 
  

   clay 
  and 
  sand, 
  the 
  pupae 
  are 
  found 
  only 
  at 
  some 
  distance 
  from 
  the 
  

   trees, 
  while 
  in 
  Chodzhent 
  in 
  the 
  province 
  of 
  Samarkand, 
  where 
  the 
  

   soil 
  round 
  peach 
  trees 
  is 
  not 
  cultivated 
  in 
  this 
  way, 
  the 
  pupae, 
  

   according 
  to 
  the 
  investigations 
  of 
  T. 
  V. 
  Nikitin 
  in 
  1914, 
  lie 
  close 
  

   together 
  at 
  the 
  foot 
  of 
  the 
  trunks 
  ; 
  as 
  many 
  as 
  45 
  pupae 
  have 
  

   been 
  found 
  in 
  half 
  a 
  square 
  foot. 
  The 
  moths 
  emerge 
  in 
  from 
  10 
  

   to 
  20 
  days 
  after 
  pupation, 
  being 
  on 
  the 
  wing 
  during 
  the 
  second 
  

   half 
  of 
  May 
  and 
  the 
  first 
  half 
  of 
  June. 
  They 
  oviposit 
  on 
  the 
  smaller 
  

   branches, 
  in 
  which 
  position 
  the 
  eggs 
  remain 
  over 
  the 
  winter. 
  They 
  

   are 
  laid 
  not 
  only 
  on 
  peach 
  branches, 
  but 
  also 
  on 
  those 
  of 
  pears, 
  quinces 
  

   and 
  mulberries. 
  

  

  The 
  caterpillars 
  of 
  another 
  Geometrid, 
  not 
  yet 
  identified, 
  have 
  been 
  

   found 
  attacking 
  mulberry 
  trees 
  in 
  1914 
  in 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  Isfara. 
  In 
  the 
  

   first 
  half 
  of 
  May, 
  when 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  of 
  both 
  C. 
  subtilis 
  and 
  B. 
  cine- 
  

   rarius 
  had 
  already 
  pupated, 
  vast 
  numbers 
  of 
  these 
  caterpillars 
  were 
  

   still 
  defoHating 
  the 
  trees. 
  The 
  same 
  pest 
  also 
  occurs 
  in 
  great 
  numbers 
  

   in 
  the 
  district 
  of 
  Chodzhent 
  (province 
  of 
  Samarkand), 
  where 
  the 
  

   cultivation 
  of 
  mulberries 
  is 
  very 
  important 
  and 
  where 
  their 
  destruction 
  

   threatens 
  the 
  local 
  silk 
  industry. 
  There 
  this 
  pest 
  also 
  attacks 
  peach, 
  

   apple, 
  quince, 
  nut 
  and 
  cherry 
  trees 
  ; 
  they 
  have 
  only 
  slightly 
  injured 
  

   apricot 
  trees 
  and 
  do 
  not 
  touch 
  poplars 
  and 
  willows, 
  but 
  destroy 
  the 
  

   fohage 
  of 
  lucerne 
  which 
  has 
  often 
  been 
  already 
  half-eaten 
  by 
  Hypera 
  

   (Phytonomus) 
  variabilis, 
  Hbst. 
  

  

  