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  other 
  forms 
  of 
  the 
  disease, 
  such 
  as 
  dry 
  foul 
  brood, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  cases 
  of 
  

   mixed 
  infection 
  were 
  found. 
  A 
  general 
  description 
  of 
  the 
  characters 
  

   of 
  healthy 
  larvae 
  before 
  infection, 
  especially 
  as 
  regards 
  histological 
  

   structure 
  of 
  internal 
  organs 
  is 
  given. 
  Special 
  attention 
  is 
  given 
  to 
  

   the 
  histology 
  of 
  the 
  ahmentary 
  tract, 
  in 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  observations 
  show 
  

   that 
  it 
  is 
  chiefly 
  in 
  the 
  mid-gut 
  that 
  the 
  concentration 
  and 
  develop- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  the 
  bacteria 
  causing 
  the 
  disease 
  take 
  place. 
  The 
  author 
  

   agrees 
  with 
  Serbinov 
  and 
  other 
  investigators 
  that 
  infection 
  can 
  only 
  

   be 
  effected 
  through 
  the 
  food. 
  The 
  mere 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  bacteria 
  or 
  

   their 
  spores 
  in 
  the 
  food 
  is 
  not 
  sufficient 
  to 
  produce 
  infection, 
  which 
  

   requires 
  further 
  favourable 
  conditions, 
  such 
  as 
  a 
  sufficient 
  number 
  

   of 
  germs, 
  unseasonable 
  weather 
  and 
  an 
  enfeebled 
  state 
  of 
  the 
  hive. 
  

   An 
  explanation 
  is 
  thus 
  afforded 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  always 
  possible 
  

   artificially 
  to 
  infect 
  larvae 
  from 
  pure 
  cultivations 
  of 
  foul 
  brood. 
  The 
  

   incubation 
  period 
  does 
  not 
  in 
  any 
  way 
  affect 
  the 
  outward 
  appearance 
  

   of 
  the 
  larvae 
  and 
  there 
  are 
  no 
  means 
  of 
  judging 
  of 
  the 
  progress 
  of 
  the 
  

   disease 
  except 
  by 
  cultivating 
  or 
  staining 
  the 
  contents 
  of 
  the 
  gut. 
  

   Seriously 
  infected 
  larvae 
  cease 
  to 
  feed 
  and 
  change 
  their 
  position, 
  

   Ijdng 
  fully 
  extended 
  instead 
  of 
  being 
  curled 
  round 
  in 
  the 
  cells 
  ; 
  their 
  

   movements 
  become 
  sluggish 
  and 
  their 
  colour 
  changes. 
  Neither 
  smell 
  

   nor 
  colour 
  of 
  the 
  diseased 
  larvae 
  can 
  be 
  used 
  as 
  a 
  test 
  for 
  foul 
  brood, 
  

   as 
  both 
  vary 
  greatly 
  under 
  different 
  conditions 
  and 
  only 
  bacteriological 
  

   investigation 
  of 
  those 
  still 
  ahve 
  can 
  give 
  a 
  true 
  diagnosis 
  of 
  the 
  disease. 
  

   The 
  author 
  is 
  inclined 
  to 
  doubt 
  the 
  accuracy 
  of 
  the 
  statement 
  of 
  

   Maassen, 
  that 
  the 
  bees 
  are 
  able 
  to 
  remove 
  the 
  larvae 
  which 
  have 
  died 
  

   from 
  European 
  foul 
  brood 
  from 
  the 
  cells, 
  as 
  the 
  dried 
  up 
  larvae 
  fill 
  

   the 
  cell 
  completely 
  and 
  even 
  become 
  adherent 
  to 
  its 
  walls 
  and 
  bottom. 
  

   He 
  also 
  does 
  not 
  agree 
  that 
  in 
  every 
  case 
  of 
  foul 
  brood 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  mixed 
  

   infection 
  ; 
  in 
  all 
  cases 
  of 
  European 
  foul 
  brood 
  investigated 
  by 
  him, 
  

   there 
  was 
  present 
  only 
  B. 
  alvei. 
  He 
  refers 
  also 
  to 
  another 
  form 
  of 
  

   foul 
  brood, 
  discovered 
  by 
  Serbinov, 
  which 
  he 
  attributes 
  to 
  an 
  Actinomy- 
  

   cete 
  which 
  he 
  named 
  Actynomus 
  apis. 
  The 
  author 
  has 
  also 
  frequently 
  

   come 
  across 
  cases 
  of 
  apparently 
  t3rpical 
  foul 
  brood, 
  in 
  which 
  all 
  the 
  

   inner 
  organs 
  of 
  the 
  larvae 
  were 
  penetrated 
  with 
  fungus 
  mycelium 
  

   and 
  in 
  which 
  neither 
  B. 
  alvei 
  nor 
  B. 
  brandenburgiensis 
  were 
  

   found. 
  He 
  also 
  observed 
  one 
  case 
  of 
  dry 
  or 
  sour 
  foul 
  brood 
  due, 
  

   according 
  to 
  Howard, 
  to 
  fungi 
  of 
  the 
  genera 
  Aspergillus 
  and 
  Penicillium. 
  

   In 
  this 
  case, 
  in 
  addition 
  to 
  the 
  fungus 
  mycelium, 
  enormous 
  numbers 
  

   of 
  B. 
  alvei 
  were 
  also 
  present 
  ; 
  the 
  digestive 
  organs 
  showed 
  the 
  

   results 
  of 
  the 
  activity 
  of 
  B. 
  alvei 
  and 
  the 
  fungus 
  was 
  also 
  concentrated 
  

   in 
  this 
  part 
  and 
  from 
  there 
  had 
  spread 
  over 
  the 
  whole 
  body, 
  penetrating 
  

   all 
  the 
  organs 
  and 
  passing 
  through 
  the 
  chitin. 
  No 
  matter 
  by 
  what 
  

   bacteria 
  foul 
  brood 
  is 
  brought 
  about, 
  it 
  is 
  always 
  a 
  disease 
  of 
  the 
  

   digestive 
  organs 
  of 
  the 
  larvae, 
  accompanied 
  by 
  an 
  increased 
  discharge 
  

   of 
  secretions 
  ; 
  later 
  on, 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  the 
  disease 
  depends 
  on 
  the 
  

   bacteria, 
  B. 
  alvei 
  attacking 
  chiefly 
  the 
  mid-gut 
  and 
  partly 
  the 
  fatty 
  

   tissues, 
  while 
  B. 
  brandenburgiensis 
  attacks 
  mainly 
  the 
  latter. 
  

  

  The 
  most 
  effective 
  remedies 
  against 
  foul 
  brood 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  : 
  — 
  the 
  

   driving 
  of 
  the 
  bees 
  into 
  a 
  new 
  hive, 
  the 
  change 
  of 
  the 
  queen 
  bee, 
  and 
  

   the 
  addition 
  of 
  |5-naphthol 
  to 
  the 
  food, 
  or 
  spraying 
  with 
  and 
  adding 
  a 
  

   httle 
  10 
  per 
  cent, 
  formic 
  acid 
  to 
  the 
  food. 
  All 
  these 
  and 
  other 
  

   remedies, 
  however, 
  only 
  delay 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  bacteria 
  and 
  

   do 
  not 
  kill 
  them. 
  

  

  