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  during 
  June 
  and 
  are 
  on 
  the 
  wing 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  July 
  or 
  later. 
  The 
  

   larvae 
  pupate 
  at 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  the 
  third 
  summer 
  and 
  produce 
  an 
  

   imago 
  in 
  a 
  fortnight. 
  The 
  only 
  satisfactory 
  remedy 
  suggested 
  consists 
  

   in 
  digging 
  out 
  the 
  larvae 
  and 
  pupae, 
  which 
  must 
  be 
  done 
  early 
  in 
  

   summer, 
  before 
  the 
  insects 
  are 
  on 
  the 
  wing. 
  Melolontha 
  afflicta, 
  Ball., 
  

   is 
  less 
  injurious 
  than 
  P. 
  adspersa, 
  the 
  larvae 
  being 
  found 
  underneath 
  

   old 
  'fruit 
  trees 
  or 
  large 
  shade 
  trees, 
  where 
  they 
  seldom 
  do 
  any 
  great 
  

   damage. 
  Other 
  root-feeding 
  beetles 
  are 
  Amphimallus 
  (Rhizotrogus) 
  

   solstitialis 
  and 
  Oryctes 
  nasicornis, 
  L., 
  the 
  adults 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  being 
  on 
  

   the 
  wing 
  in 
  May, 
  June 
  and 
  part 
  of 
  July 
  ; 
  the 
  larvae 
  sometimes 
  attack 
  

   the 
  roots 
  of 
  fruit-trees. 
  

  

  Pests 
  of 
  the 
  trunks, 
  etc., 
  of 
  trees 
  include 
  : 
  — 
  Scolytus 
  rugulosus, 
  

   Ratz., 
  S. 
  fasciatus, 
  Rtt., 
  Pachydissus 
  sartus, 
  Sols., 
  and 
  Cossus 
  sp. 
  

   Pachydissus 
  sartus 
  attacks 
  mostly 
  poplar, 
  elm 
  and 
  willow 
  trees 
  but 
  

   in 
  Transcaspia 
  also 
  various 
  fruit 
  trees, 
  such 
  as 
  apple 
  and 
  the 
  pear- 
  

   plum, 
  Pfunus 
  divaricata, 
  Ledt., 
  causing 
  great 
  damage. 
  The 
  beetles 
  

   are 
  on 
  the 
  wing 
  in 
  April 
  and 
  May, 
  and 
  the 
  larvae 
  mine 
  in 
  the 
  bark 
  

   and 
  sap-wood 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  and 
  pupate 
  there, 
  the 
  whole 
  develop- 
  

   ment 
  from 
  egg 
  to 
  imago 
  lasting 
  two 
  years. 
  The 
  best 
  remedy 
  consists 
  

   in 
  removing 
  and 
  burning 
  the 
  attacked 
  trees. 
  

  

  Insects 
  injuring 
  shoots 
  and 
  buds 
  include 
  Cantharis 
  (Lytta) 
  pilosella, 
  

   Sols., 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  parasites 
  of 
  wild 
  bees 
  in 
  

   Turkestan 
  ; 
  the 
  beetles 
  gnaw 
  the 
  buds 
  of 
  pear, 
  plum 
  and 
  other 
  fruit 
  

   trees 
  in 
  March 
  and 
  April 
  and 
  do 
  great 
  damage. 
  The 
  Buprestid 
  

   beetle, 
  Capnodis 
  tenebricosa, 
  Hbst., 
  injures 
  the 
  young 
  shoots 
  and 
  

   petioles 
  of 
  leaves 
  in 
  Turkestan 
  in 
  May. 
  Recurvaria 
  nanella, 
  Hb., 
  the 
  

   small 
  caterpillars 
  of 
  which 
  feed 
  on 
  unfolded 
  buds, 
  mostly 
  of 
  apple 
  

   trees, 
  Eucosma 
  (Tmetocera) 
  ocellana, 
  F., 
  and 
  Tortrix 
  {Pandemis) 
  

   chondrillana 
  can 
  all 
  be 
  combated 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  trap-belts 
  and 
  spraying 
  

   with 
  California 
  mixture. 
  

  

  Pests 
  of 
  foliage 
  include 
  Lymantria 
  dispar, 
  L., 
  which, 
  although 
  

   frequently 
  found 
  in 
  Turkestan, 
  is 
  not 
  so 
  injurious 
  as 
  in 
  European 
  

   Russia. 
  Against 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  of 
  Cosmia 
  subtilis, 
  Stgr., 
  Biston 
  

   cinerarius, 
  Ersch., 
  and 
  Hyponomeuta 
  variabilis, 
  Zell., 
  which 
  is 
  

   common 
  in 
  the 
  orchards 
  of 
  Ferghana, 
  spraying 
  with 
  Paris 
  green, 
  

   djipsin 
  and 
  California 
  mixture 
  is 
  recommended. 
  Polydrosus 
  obliquatus, 
  

   Faust, 
  a 
  weevil 
  which 
  attacks 
  stone-fruits, 
  and 
  Polydrosus 
  fer- 
  

   ganensis, 
  Faust, 
  damaging 
  apples 
  and 
  pears, 
  both 
  appear 
  in 
  April 
  in 
  

   great 
  numbers. 
  The 
  larvae 
  of 
  Agelastica 
  orientalis, 
  Baly, 
  feed 
  on 
  

   leaves 
  of 
  Lombardy 
  poplar, 
  willows 
  and 
  almond 
  trees. 
  A 
  spray 
  con- 
  

   sisting 
  of 
  a 
  solution 
  of 
  about 
  10 
  lb. 
  of 
  green 
  soap 
  in 
  27 
  gallons 
  of 
  water, 
  

   should 
  be 
  used 
  while 
  the 
  beetle 
  larvae 
  are 
  still 
  young. 
  Galerucella 
  

   luteola, 
  Mull., 
  winters 
  underneath 
  detached 
  bark, 
  in 
  cracks, 
  etc., 
  and 
  

   oviposits 
  in 
  spring 
  on 
  leaves 
  ; 
  the 
  larvae 
  pupate 
  in 
  the 
  earth 
  and 
  

   in 
  June 
  and 
  July 
  a 
  second 
  generation 
  appears 
  which 
  remains 
  over 
  

   the 
  winter. 
  Spraying 
  with 
  Paris 
  green 
  is 
  recommended 
  against 
  this 
  

   beetle. 
  

  

  Pests 
  injuring 
  flower 
  buds, 
  blossoms 
  and 
  fruits 
  include 
  : 
  — 
  Platy- 
  

   ptilia 
  rhododactyla, 
  F., 
  the 
  caterpillars 
  of 
  which 
  damage 
  the 
  buds 
  of 
  

   roses 
  ; 
  Epicometis 
  turanica, 
  Rtt. 
  [see 
  this 
  Review, 
  Ser. 
  A, 
  i, 
  pp. 
  437- 
  

   438], 
  Oxythyrea 
  cinctella 
  Schaum., 
  Rhynchites 
  auratus, 
  Scop, 
  [see 
  this 
  

   Review, 
  Ser. 
  A, 
  i, 
  pp. 
  436, 
  438-441], 
  Cydia 
  pomonella, 
  L., 
  Cydia 
  

   funebrana, 
  Tr., 
  and 
  Sarrothripus 
  musculanus, 
  Ersch., 
  which 
  feeds 
  on 
  the 
  

  

  