548 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
granular tissue. In both transverse and longitudinal sections of the 
pseudoscolex this granular material is seen, along with a faint indication 
of an incipient striated arrangement of the granular material. 
Musculature . — The muscular system is not complicated. Viewed in 
transverse section near the anterior end, the body is seen to be made 
up of three principal layers, each of which is more or less muscular. 
These are disposed between a central core and the cuticle in the follow- 
ing manner: The inner layer immediately surrounding the central core 
is composed of circular muscle fibers. The fibers are rather strong, 
but the layer is not thick. The circular layer is surrounded by a layer 
of strong longitudinal fibers. In the anterior regions of the body this 
layer is very prominent and the fibers are large and strong. Outside 
of this layer is the subcuticular layer, which contains both longitudinal 
and radiating fibers along with an abundance of granular material. 
The fibers in this layer are very slender. The layer itself is a prominent 
one, and in the posterior parts of the body is proportionally thicker than 
the other layers. 
Longitudinal muscles .-— These are the most prominent muscles of the 
anterior part of the body (fig. 20). In a specimen measuring over 30 
centimetres m length the longitudinal fibers were found to be collected 
into a comparatively small area at a distance of 6 centimetres from the 
head, presenting, in fact, much the same aspect as shown in fig. 35. 
The disposition of this layer in the posterior regions of the body is 
made sufficiently clear in figs. 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, and 35. By a refer- 
ence to figs. 10, 11, 17, 18 to 22, 24, and 25, it will be seen that the lon- 
gitudinal muscles play a very important part in the structure of the 
head, and particularly of the pseudoscolex. Longitudinal fibers extend 
up through the slender neck and communicate with the bothria. Dense 
fascicles of these fibers enter the cervical folds in outgrowths which 
form the pseudoscolex, where many of them appear as radiating or 
transverse fibers. The longitudinal fibers which supply the bothria 
lie in the superficial area of the neck (figs. 11, 17, 18, and 22). A short 
distance back of the scolex four processes or outgrowths are given off 
from the neck. Each process contains an abundance of strong mus- 
cles which appear to radiate from the neck. Some of them are fibers 
which arevadial or transverse throughout, and may be traced from one 
process or fold to another. Others are continuous with the longitu- 
dinal muscles of the body, which are here deflected nearly at a right 
angle from an axial direction. In the angles between the cervical pro- 
cesses longitudinal fibers may be seen in transverse sections, and may 
be traced from the longitudinal system of muscles in the body to the 
base of the bothria, where they communicate with those organs by a 
kind of frenum. In succeeding sections back from the head the cerv- 
ical outgrowths are seen to increase rapidly in size ‘and to become 
variously divided. 
Interlacing muscular fibers running from one process to each adja- 
