5 
scribed. The result is that a person who uses the 
ordinary manuals of botany, unless he is quite expert 
colleges, being based on and preparatory to the use of 
these manuals, is saudned to a study of the characters 
employed in the 
Medical oeay. if well done, must start from a 
somewhat different standpoint. It by no means fol- 
lows that a plant oe can be determined by aid of 
th y nted 
era, like the oaks and plums, the trees and shrubs of 
our flora may be know n with quite as much certainty 
in the winter when destit tute of flower and fruit, and 
this ca aa Oty is — only as the result of indi- 
vidual observation and investigation, based primarily 
on a peer bien ‘of the species derived while their 
palisade cells in the leaf, the occurrence or absence o 
