98 FIELD AND FOREST. 



mountains. The assumption of its absence at the north is favored by 

 the early date of its arrival in Middle California and the promptitude 

 shown in its preparations for nesting. In these respects it is quite 

 comparable to the Calypte anna, which is known to be a species of 

 rather southern habitat. 



H. W. Henshaw. 



Wallace's Geographical Distribution of Animals.* 



As to the geographical distribution of marine animals Mr Wallace 

 has been quite reticent, simply giving some facts respecting the range 

 of families of sea mammals, fishes, and mollusks in the fourth part of 

 his work, and some brief general remarks in the first (e. g., vol. i. pp. 

 15, 30). At any rate, he nowhere insists upon the want of correlation 

 between the inland and marine faunas, and no reader would be en- 

 lightened as to the positive incongruity, and even contrast, between 

 the two in their relations with others. This antagonism has been 

 appreciated by very few. In most works it is quietly assumed or in- 

 sisted upon that the sea and inland animals of a given region are in- 

 tegral constituents of a homogeneous fauna, and by implication, at 

 least, that such a fauna has in its several parts one and the same rela- 

 tion to others. Such is very far from being the case. In the distri- 

 bution of marine life temperature plays an all important part. Thus, 

 the relations between the successive faunas, in a latitudinal direction, 

 of the shores of the several continents are transversed by relations 

 existing in a longitudinal direction. The several tropical faunas are, 

 for example, much more closely related to each other than they are to 

 the faunas along the same reach of shore toward the arctic or antarctic 

 regions. This relationship is evinced more or less in every class and 

 branch of animals e. g., the mammals, the fishes, the mollusks, the 

 crustaceans, the worms, the echinoderms, and the ccelenterates. Con- 

 sequently the marine faunas cannot be at all correlated with the pri- 

 mary realms or regions of the globe. To such an extent does temper- 

 ature determine the distribution of life in the seas that even bathy- 

 metrical conditions may be subordinated, and types of the shallow 

 arctic and antarctic seas represented in the cold deep sea under the 

 equator. Some forms almost identical reappear at the opposite 



* Continued from page 80, November number. 



