MALLARD 
9 
Germany 
Balkans 
Poland 
Russia 
throughout the Italian peninsula, though apparently more commonly in the north (Giglioli, 1889- 
91; Arrigoni degh Oddi, 1904). It breeds also throughout Switzerland (Fatio, 1904), Italy 
and in Luxembourg (La Fontaine, 1865-72). Switzerland 
In Germany the Mallard is a very common breeding bird, and has been so recorded for Schleswig- 
Holstein (Dahl, 1905), Oldenburg (von Negelein, 1853), the Rhine Provinces (Le 
Roi, 1906-97), Brunswick (R. Blasius, 1896), Brandenburg (Schalow, 1915), Pome- 
rania (Holland, 1857), east Prussia (Hartert, 1892), Saxony (Heyder, 1913; Helm, 1905), Lusatia 
(Hantzsch, 1903), Bavaria (Jackel,^de Naumann, 1896-1905) and the Rhine Palatinate (W. and T. 
Heussler, 1896). 
In what was formerly the Dual Monarchy, the present species is likewise an abundant breeding 
bird. It nests commonly in Bohemia (Fritsch, 1872), in Austria (Mojsisovics von Mojsvar, 1897), 
in Styria and Croatia (Dresser, 1871-81), in the Tyrol (Althammer, 1857), possibly Succession 
Dalmatia (Kolombatovic, 1903), in Slavonia (Clarke, 1884), in Herzegovina (Kadich, States 
Mitth. Ornith. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 67), throughout Hungary (von Madarasz, 1884; Frivaldski, 
1891) , and in Transylvania (Danford and Harvie-Brown, 1875). In the Balkans, too, 
it is an exceedingly common nester; in Montenegro (Reiser and von Fiihrer, 1896), in 
Albania (Lodge, 1909; Sperling, fide Dresser, 1871-81), in Greece (Powys, 1860; Kriiper, 1862; 
von der Miihle, 1844; Lindermayer, 1860; etc.). Northward it was found nesting extensively about 
Monastir (P. J. C. McGregor, 1906) and in Macedonia (Sladen, 1917, 1918), as well as in Bulgaria 
(Reiser, 1894), in the Dobrudja (Sintenis, 1877; Alleon, 1886), Rumania (Radakoff, 1879; von der 
Miihle, 1844) and Bessarabia (Almasy, 1898). 
The Mallard breeds abundantly in Poland (Taczanowski, 1888; Katin, 1912) and throughout 
most of what was formerly the Russian Empire. Here its breeding range extends 
from the Karelian coast in the northwest (Rae, 1881) and from Archangel (Goebel, 
1873; Seebohm, 1882a; Harvie-Brown, 1877; etc.) southward, but not east to the 
Petchora (Harvie-Browm, 1876). Apparently a line drawn southeastward from the base of the 
Kanin Peninsula to northern Perm, that is, the hne of the Timan Mountains, would mark 
the northeastern boundary of the breeding range in Europe. In Olonets and about Lakes La- 
doga and Onega the species is, of course, a common breeder (Sievers, 1877). The same is true 
of the Petrograd region (Biichner, 1887; de Ditius, 1885; Bianchi, 1907), the Baltic Provinces 
(Goebel, 1873; Sawitzky, 1899; Loudon, 1909), Pskov (Zarudny, 1910), Smolensk (Poliakov, 
1912), Novgorod (Bianchi, 1910), Vologda (Andreeff and Bianchi, 1910; Mejakov, 1856), Perm 
(Harvie-Brown, 1878), Kazan (Russki, 1893), Moscow and Tula (Menzbier, 1881, 1883; Lorenz, 
1892) , Orel (Daniloff, 1864), Kief (Goebel, 1869), Podolia (Belke, 1853), Cherson and the Crimea 
(Brauner, 1894, 1899), Ekaterinoslav (Valkh, 1911) and Charkov (Czemay, 1852). E. von Mid- 
dendorff (1891) says it is a common breeder on the coasts of the Sea of Azov, and the same is 
true of Astrakan and the regions of the lower Volga (Moeschler, 1853; E. von Middendorff, 1891; 
Seebohm, 1883). 
Throughout the Caucasus the Mallard nests in suitable localities (Radde, 1884; Seebohm, 1883), 
as it does in the interior of Asia Minor (Danford, 1878). The Taurus is probably the 
limit of the breeding area in this region. Bucknill (1910, 1911) believes that some may 
stay to breed on Cyprus, and Shelley (1872) in an earlier publication, stated that the 
species breeds even in lower Egypt. Since the statement was not repeated in his 
book, and since no later observers have mentioned it, it may be regarded as an error. 
Farther north the species nests in Armenia (Nesterov, 1911), in northwestern Persia 
(Radde, 1886; Zarudny, 1911) and throughout the rest of Persia, rarely in the Para- 
pamis and Seistan regions (Zarudny, 1911). It probably does not remain to breed in 
Mesopotamia. Northward it is knowm to nest in Transcaspia (Radde and Walter, 
1889; Molcanov, 1912; Zarudny, 1886, 1889-90) and throughout Turkestan, excepting possibly the 
Caucasus 
Asia Minor 
Egypt 
Armenia 
Persia 
Transcaspia 
Turkestan 
