MALLARD 
11 
p. 67, 1909), 
Alaska 
British 
Columbia 
United 
States : 
Western 
Central 
Eastern 
winters in central Alaska in the region about Mt. McKinley (Sheldon, Auk, vol. 26, 
and at Sitka. According to Kermode (1904) and A. Brooks (1917) it is abundant in 
British Columbia and in Vancouver (Taverner, 1917). The same is true of the Pa- 
cific coast of the United States, where it winters in Washington (W. L. Dawson and 
Bowles, 1909), Oregon (Bendire, 1877; Pope, 1895-96) and the whole of California 
(Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, 1918). Eastward it winters in Idaho (Rust, 1915) and 
presumably in Nevada. A. A. Saunders (1921) says that some winter in Montana, 
while Grave and Walker (1913) and W. C. Knight (1902) record its wintering in Wyoming, and I 
have been informed of this for the Jackson Hole country in the northwestern part. It is undoubtedly 
to be found in Utah, and is common in winter in Colorado (W. L. Sclater, 1912), in southern Ari- 
zona (Swarth, 1914) and presumably in New Mexico. East of the 105th meridian (west longitude) the 
northern wintering limit runs farther south. I find no records of its wintering in the Dakotas, though 
it may be found in parts of South Dakota in winter . It has wintered at Lake City, Minnesota (Estes, 
1877) and is known as a regular winter bird in Nebraska (Bruner, Wolcott and Swenk, 1905). Some 
numbers wunter in Kansas (Bunker, 1913; H. Harris, 1919), Arkansas (Howell, 1911) and in Mis- 
souri (Widmann, 1907; Howell, U.S. Biological Survey, MS.). Some unquestionably winter in parts 
of Iowa also. East of the Mississippi the species wunters north to southern Wisconsin 
(Kumlien and Hollister, 1903), and has been recorded from Illinois by Ridgway (1895) 
and Woodruff (1907). A. W. Butler (1898) states that it winters also in Indiana, while Barrows 
(1912) thinks a few may winter even in southern Michigan. Keeler (1888) has recorded its wintering 
in Milwaukee County of the last-named State. According to W. L. Dawson (1903) it winters occa- 
sionally in Ohio, and I presume it does so in parts of Pennsylvania, for it winters in western New 
York (Eaton, 1901). In New England the species has been knovm to winter rarely in 
all of the States excepting Vermont and New Hampshire, and it has been recorded by 
Sage, Bishop and Bliss (1913) as being commoner now than formerly in Connecticut. In Rhode 
Island it winters uncommonly (Howe and Sturtevant, 1899) and in Massachusetts it is very rare in 
winter (Howe and Allen, 1901). Both O. W. Knight (1908) and G. M. Allen (1909) state that it 
occurs rarely in Maine, according to the former, along the entire coast. Cooke (1906) states that it 
is accidental in winter even in Nova Scotia. South of New England in the coastal Nova Scotia 
States it occurs rarely but regularly in New Jersey (W. Stone, 1909), Delaware (Rhoads Southern 
and Pennock, 1905), Maryland (G. Eifrig, 1904), Virginia (H. H. Bailey, 1913), United 
North Carolina (Pearson, Brimley and Brimley, 1919), South Carolina (Wayne, States 
1910), in Georgia and in Florida south at least to Caloosahatchie (Scott, 1892; Cory, 1896); but it 
is not really abundant on the coast except south of the Chesapeake. In Alabama the species is 
common (Golsan and Holt, 1914) and also in all the States of the lower Mississippi Valley, namely 
Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi on the east and Arkansas and Louisiana on the west side, this 
region forming the greatest wintering district of the species in the New World (Cooke, 1906; Kop- 
man, 1921; etc.). In Texas also it is common (Beckham, 1888; Dresser, 1866; McCauley, 1877; 
Strecker, 1912), as it is in Oklahoma (Cooke, 1914). In Mexico it winters from the border south to 
about 19° or 20° north latitude in the east, and a little farther south in the west. Both Belding (1883) 
and Ridgway {fide Brewster, 1902) have recorded it from Lower California, Kennerly (fide Baird, 
Brewer and Ridgway, 1884) and Ferrari-Perez (1886) from Sonora, Lawrence (1874) 
from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Cooke (1906) from Colima, Herrera (1888), Lawrence (1875), 
Sanchez (1877-78) from the Valle de Mexico, Duges (1869) and Beebe (1905) from Jalisco and 
Guanajuato, Sclater and Salvin (1876) from Jalapa, Vera Cruz. It has evidently occurred in Guate- 
mala (J. J. Rodriguez, 1909-10) and at El Boquete, Lake Nicaragua, great flocks have been seen 
(Rendahl, 1919). Cooke (1906) says there is a record for Costa Rica, though Carriker 
(1910) makes no reference to it. The fact that M’Leannan (Sclater and Salvin, 1864) 
found it in Panama must be regarded as unusual, and the same is true of de Armas’s (1893) 
Mexico 
Panama 
