MALLARD 
13 
Balkans 
Russia 
Caucasus 
Islands 
Morocco 
Algeria 
out the Balkans the species is abundant in winter, specifically in Montenegro (Reiser and Fiihrer, 
1896), in Greece (von der Miihle, 1844; Kriiper, 1862; Lindermayer, 1860; Reiser, 
1905), on the Cyclades (Erhard, 1858), in Epirus and Albania (Powys, 1860; Lilford, 
fide Dresser, 1871-81; Sperling, fide Dresser, 1871-81), in Macedonia (Elwes and Buckley, 1870; 
Sladen, 1917), at Constantinople (Braun, 1908), and in Bessarabia (Radakoff, 1881). The species 
winters also in the former Russian Empire, in Poland (Taczanowski, 1888; Katin, Poland 
1912), sparingly at Petrograd (Buchner, 1887; Deditius, 1885; Bianchi, 1907), rarely 
in Esthonia and Livonia (Loudon, 1909), and likewise in Novgorod (Bianchi, 1910), 
Pskov (Zarudny, 1910), Kazan (Russki, 1893), Moscow (Menzbier, 1881, 1883; Lorenz, 1892), Orel 
(Daniloff, 1864), southern Russia (von Nordmann, 1840; Valkh, 1911; von Zedlitz, 1917) and the 
Crimea (Radde, 1854). In the Caucasus the species is resident (Radde, 1884; See- 
bohm, 1882). 
In Africa the species is foimd in winter not rarely in the west as far south as the Canaries, where 
it appears regularly in the cold season (Meade-Waldo, 1893; Cabrera y Diaz, 1893-94; Canary 
Bolle, 1857; Bannerman, 1919) and the Madeiras (Harcourt, 1851; Godman, 1866). 
On the mainland it is abundant in Morocco (Carstensen, 1852; Irby, 1875; Drake, 
1867; S. G. Reid, 1885; H. and A. Vaucher, 1915), and in Algeria (Loche, 1867; Roths- 
child and Hartert, 1912; Menegaux, 1919) where it extends south to the Atlas (Salvin, 
1859) and the northern Sahara (Tristram, 1860). Schweppenburg (1918) found feathers of the Mal- 
lard in the Tuareg region of the Sahara, and states that Foureau took specimens in Ain Taiba and 
near In-Azaoua (21° north latitude). It is probably less abundant in Tunis, but nevertheless is com- 
mon there (Talamon, 1904; Kdnig, 1888; Whitaker, 1905). In Egypt the species is 
abundant in the Delta (von Heuglin, 1873; Shelley, 1872), not common, however, at 
Giza (NicoU, 1909) where of course it is much persecuted, but it occurs in Nubia (Shel- 
ley, 1872; A. L. Adams, 1864) and according to Riippell (1845), even in Abyssinia. 
This last statement is insufficiently proved. It seems not to winter on the White Nile, 
and I did not see it in the eastern Sudan. A. Chapman (1921) quotes Captain Burges, who says that 
in many years’ shooting near Khartum he killed only one Mallard and heard of another taken near 
Shendi, fifty miles farther north. The species has been met with on Socotra Island (Tristram, 1898) 
and at Aden (Barnes, 1893; Yerbury, Reichenow, 1900). Von Heuglin (1873) states that it is 
found at Suez and that he met with it once in Arabia Petraea. 
In Asia the species was said by Tristram (1884) to be common in winter in Palestine but a more 
recent author (Meinertzhagen, 1920) describes it as rare. On Cyprus (Lilford, 1889; Bucknill, 1910) 
as well as in various parts of Asia Minor, it is plentiful. For example, Danford (1878, 1880) found 
it in “swarms” in the Taurus region, and met with a few on the Cilician Range. Weigold (1913) 
has recorded it from the Meander River, and Strickland (1836) from Smyrna. The species very 
likely winters throughout the interior as well as on the coast of the Black Sea. Meinertzhagen (1914) 
and Stoneham (1919) describe it as common in Mesopotamia. It has been taken at Fao, at the head 
of the Persian Gulf (Sharpe, 1891) and Zarudny (1911) states that it winters in Persia pgj.gj^ 
in the Mesopotamian and Zagross regions, as well as in Kuhistan, Kirman, the Seistan, 
Parapamis, Chorassan and south Caspian distriets. Radde (1886) states that it is common on the 
southwest Caspian in winter, and it winters also in Transcaspia (Radde and Walter, 1889; Stolz- 
mann, 1893) and in Bokhara (Carruthers, 1910). According to O. B. St. John 
(1889) it is a common winter bird in southern Afghanistan, and according to Zarudny 
(1911), in northern Baluchistan. Meinertzhagen (1920) has recorded it for Quetta, and C. H. T. 
Whitehead (1909) says it is common in Kohat and Kurram. To the north of Persia it winters all over 
Turkestan (Dresser, 1876), most likely also in Astrakhan, and at least in part of the Turkestan 
Kirgis. Owing to lack of sufficient information it is impossible to define its northern Central Asia 
wintering limit in western Siberia. Travellers have reported open water with “ducks” West Siberia 
Tunis 
Egypt 
Abyssinia 
Transcaspia 
