14 
BOSCHAS 
Asia 
India 
in Mongolia in midwinter and I see no reason why the species should not winter in suitable local- 
ities in Asia, north to the latitude of Lake Baikal. According to Pallas (1831) it does 
winter on the Angara River. Radde (1863) was, however, unable to reaffirm this ob- 
servation, and on the whole it seems advisable to limit the statement of range somewhat, if only for 
the sake of conservatism. I believe that a line drawn from Kazan, Russia, southeast to Lake Issyk- 
kul will define the northern wintering limit in this region. It has been met with in the Tian-shan in 
Eastern various localities west to east (Lbnnberg, 1905; Schalow, 1901, 1908; Pleske, 1892; 
Turkestan Laubmann, 1913) and according to Koslov (1899) it winters in the Lake Bagrasch-kul 
district, as well as in the mountains of northern Tibet, where Prjevalski (1878) also 
Tibet found it wintering on the Tsaidam swamps. In other words, the evidence indicates 
that the birds winter in central Asia south of a line drawn from the Tian-shan, eastward along the 
42d and 43d parallels of latitude. South of theTian-shan the species winters abundantly in Kashgaria 
and Yarkand (Scully, 1876; Koslov, 1899), and in Kashmir, where it is resident (Scully, 1881; Hume 
and Marshall, 1879; Baker, 1908; Blanford, 1898). There is considerable doubt as to its status in 
India, where it is common in winter in the northwestern districts, but rare in the cen- 
tral and eastern parts, being totally lacking in the southern regions and in Ceylon. 
Blanford’s (1898) resume covers the situation fairly well. He says it is common in the western Punjab 
and Sind, not uncommon in the northwest Provinces, Oudh, and Behar, and of occasional occurrence 
in Guzerat, the Central Indian .Agency, the Deccan (presumably only the northern part), Bengal and 
northern Burma. To this may be added the more detailed statements of Hume and Marshall (1879) 
that it is not uncommon in Kumaon and Nepal, but rare in the west in Cutch, Kathiawar and south- 
ern Bombay. Baker’s (1921) investigations have made its status in the eastern parts more definite. 
After stating that a few have been taken in Rajputana and northern Bombay as well as in the Cen- 
tral Provinces, he goes on to say that it occurs in Assam and Jessore. He found it not very rare in 
Cachar, and states that it has occurred in Sylhet. There are only three records for Manipur, and but 
two for Burma, one of them as far south as Mandalay! Passing eastward to southern China the 
Southern species has been taken in Yunnan (Ingram, 1912; R. C. and Y. B. Andrews, 1918; 
China H. R. Davies, 1909) and I am inclined to think that north of the Malay Peninsula the 
species winters not much south of the Tropic of Cancer. A duck described as ^4 no,? saZradon’i from 
the Island of Sumba is a domestic Mallard (Biittikofer, 1896). Throughout China it is apparently 
China abundant (David and Oustalet, 1877), and has been recorded specifically from Formosa 
(R. Swinhoe, 1863; Uchida, 1912) and Amoy (R. Swinhoe, 1860; Vaughan and Jones, 
1913), from Foochow and Swatow (La Touche, 1892), from Kiauchow (Kleinschmidt, 1913) from 
Wei-hai-wei (K. H. Jones, 1911), and from Ningpo and Peking (R. Swinhoe, 1861; Walton, 1903; 
Blackwelder, 1907). In the interior it was found at Kin-kiang (Seebohm, 1884) and in Hupeh 
(Thayer and Bangs, 1912; La Touche, 1922). It w'as met with by E. H. Wilson (1913) at Kiating, 
Szechwan Province, and Thayer and Bangs have also recorded it from this region. Both Deditius 
(1886) and Berezowski and Bianchi (1891) have reported it from Kan-su Province, where it is 
apparently common. Sowerby (1912) met with it north of Hsinan Fu. According to Ogawa (l905) 
it has been taken on the Loo-choo Islands, namely, on Omami-Oshima and on Tanegashima, being 
Japan pretty common on the former island. The sjjecies is very common in southern Japan 
Yezo (Blakiston and Pryer, 1882; Seebohm, 1890) extending north throughout Yezo and 
Kuriles on the Kuriles, wherever there may be suitable localities. On the mainland it winters 
Korea Jn Korea (Taczanowski, 1887, 1888) and in small numbers in the Ussuri region (Dor- 
ries, 1888) as well as on the coasts of the Japanese Sea (Prjevalski, 1878). Nikolski {fide Taczanow- 
Saghalin states that it winters in the southern parts of Saghalin Island, and von 
Kam h tk (1859) extends this to include the central portion. Long ago Pallas (1831) 
and recently von Ditmar (1900) recorded its wintering in Kamchatka, probably in 
the southern part, and this statement seems not unlikely in view of the fact that the species is 
