MALLARD 
7 
Ontario 
Manitoba the species is equally common (E. E. Thompson, 1891), especially on Shoal Lake (Tav- 
erner, 1919), Lake Winnipeg (MacFarlane, 1908), etc. Northward along the west Manitoba 
side of Hudson Bay the species has been found aO the way from Lake Winnipeg and 
Oxford House to York Factorj' and thence north on the Barren Grounds to Seal River 
and beyond (Preble, 1902), while southward it has been found at IMoose Factory, on James Bay (U.S. 
National Museum). No doubt the species breeds throughout western Ontario and 
eastward to 78° west longitude. Langille (1884) and Mcllwraith (1894) speak of it 
nesting on St. Clair Flats and I myself have heard of nests at Hamilton Bay and Long Point, Lake 
Erie. This region marks the eastern limit of its regular breeding range in Canada, but there are 
isolated summer records of Mallards in the Maritime Provinces and also in the eastern Maritime 
United States. Thus, the species is met with occasionally in New Brunswick (Cham- Provinces 
berlain, 1882), on Prince Edward Island (MacSwain, 1908), and in Nova Scotia (Downs, 1888; 
Tufts, 1918). There are a number of records for Labrador, too, as far north as Ungava Bay (C. W. 
Townsend and Allen, 1907; Hantzsch, 1908). 
In the United States, IMallards have bred sporadically in the western counties of New York 
State (Eaton, 1910) and in western Pennsylvania (B. H. Warren, 1890; Todd, 1904; 
Harlow, 1918). Possibly the Lake Region of these two States is to be included in the 
regular breeding range. But such records as those for Trenton, and for Burlington Eastern 
County, New Jersey (Harlow, 1918, and others), for Delaware (Rhoads and Pennock, 
1905), for Maryland (Forbush, 1912), and for Virginia (H. H. Bailey, 1913; Whealton, in litt.) must 
be regarded as strictly extra-limital and possibly cases of semi-wild, or escaped birds. As was re- 
marked above, 77° or 78° west longitude is evidently the eastern limit of the breeding range. This in- 
cludes Ohio, where the species breeds quite regularly in small numbers (L. Jones, 1903 ; W. L. Dawson, 
1903; Gossard and Harry, 1912), and Indiana where it is also known to breed (A. W. Butler, 1898). 
According to Barrows (1912) a few nest in Michigan, but other writers state that it is 
an abundant breeder in the south (Gibbs, 1879), especially on St. Clair Flats (Cook, 
1893; J. and J. M. Macoun, 1909) and at Ann Arbor (Covert, 1876). In Wisconsin it still nests in 
small numbers (Kumlien and Hollister, 1903; Cory, 1909), especially in the southern parts (Kumlien 
and Hollister, 1903). The species nests also throughout Illinois (Cory, 1909) from the Chicago 
district (Woodruff, 1907) south to Mt. Carmel (Ridgway, 1895). I find no breeding records for any 
of the States on the south side of the Ohio River, excepting the old statement of Audubon that the 
species nests in Kentuckj'. 
West of the Mississippi the Mallard nests extensively m Minnesota (Hatch, 1892; Roberts, 1919) 
and in Iowa (R. M. Anderson, 1907), occasionally even south to northern and eastern Missouri 
(Widmann, 1907; U.S. Biological Survey). Recently an instance of its nesting near 
Winchester, in southeastern Arkansas, has been recorded (Hunt, Auk, vol. 38, p. 375, 
1921). In Kansas it is a comparatively rare resident (Goss, 1886; Bunker, 1913; H. Harris, 1919), 
though it breeds even in the southern parts (Cooke, 1906), but northward, in Nebraska, it is not rare 
as a resident and breeds everywhere (Bruner, Wolcott and Swenk, 1905; Oberholser, 1920). On the 
other hand the species seems to nest less commonly in South Dakota (McChesney, 1879), excepting 
perhaps in Sanborn County (Visher, 1913), though in North Dakota it breeds everj^where (Job, 1899; 
Bent, 1901-02). In Montana also it is a common breeding bird almost everywhere (A. A. Saimders, 
1921), the statement holding good also of Wyoming (Grave and Walker, 1913; W'. C. Knight, 1902; 
Cary, 1917). According to Rockwell (1911), Felger (1909), and W. L. Sclater (1912) the species is 
common in summer and breeds in Colorado, while Cooke (1906) states that it breeds through- 
out New Mexico, and VTiarton Huber collected many young in all stages in 1920, near Las Cruces, 
in the extreme southern part of the State. Recently, Wetmore (1920) has written at some length 
of the nesting of this species at Lake Burford, New Mexico. There is even a record for El Paso, 
Texas. 
Central 
