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J. M. Macoun, 1909), for Shoal Lake (Taverner, 1919), for Lake Manitoba and Buffalo Lake (Raine, 
1892) and for Lake Winnipeg. E. E. Thompson (1891) has also recorded it for this Province. J. and 
J. M. Macoun (1909) give various breeding records for southern Saskatchewan. Bent (1907) has 
also recorded it as an abundant nesting bird in the southwest of Saskatchew'an and Ferry (1910) for 
Prince Albert and Quill Lakes. From Alberta it has been recorded by Spreadborough {fide J. and 
J. M. Macoun, 1909) (Lesser Slave Lake and Peace River Landing) and by Horsbrugh (1915) for 
Buffalo Lake. Spreadborough {fide J. and J. M. Macoun, 1909) also says it is common as a breeder 
at Edmonton and so does W'illiam Rowan {in litt.) but according to Soper (1918) it breeds there only 
in limited numbers. Mr. Harper, collecting for me in 1920, saw none in the Athabasca Delta, but 
learned of five having been shot at Lac la Biche in April. In British Columbia it is found sparingly in 
the southern district, — Victoria, Chilliwack and Okanagan (A. Brooks, 1917). It breeds throughout 
the northwestern United States, in Minnesota (Roberts, 1919), in North Dakota (Bent, 1901-02; 
U.S. Biological Survey), in Montana (Coues, 1874; F. M. Bailey, 1918; A. A. Saunders, 1921) and in 
W^ashington (W. L. Dawson and Bowles, 1909). South of this belt I find records for Oregon (Bendire, 
1877; Cantwell, U.S. Biological Survey), Idaho (Merriam, 1873), Wyoming (W. C. Knight, 1902; 
Grave and Walker, 1913), South Dakota (McChesney, 1879) and Kossuth County, Iowa (R. M. 
Anderson, 1907). In Nebraska it breeds not uncommonly in the sand-hills of the western sections 
(Oberholser, 1920; Bruner, W'olcott and Swenk, 1905), and it nests rarely even as far south as Kansas 
(Goss, 1891; Bunker, 1913). According to Widmann (1907) the species nested in Clark County, 
Missouri, till recent times. In Colorado it breeds, according to Cooke (1906), W. L. Sclater (1912), 
Morrison (1888) and others, while in Utah it appears to be quite common, especially in the Salt Lake 
region (J. A. Allen, 1872; U.S. Biological Survey). From Nevada it has been variously reported and 
seems to be quite abimdant (Ridgway, 1877; Oberholser, U.S. Biological Survey; V. Bailey, U.S. 
Biological Survey). It is not a common breeder on the Pacific coast, but is knowm from the Sacra- 
mento Valley (Heermann,^e Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1884) and thence south to San Jacinto 
Lake (Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, 1918). Mearns (1890) says it is common and presumably breeds 
in the mountains of Arizona, and recently W^etmore (1920) has recorded its breeding in some numbers 
on Lake Burford, New Mexico. According to Merrill (1878) some remain all summer near Fort 
Brown, Texas, and may very conceivably breed, though the locality would be unusual. North of the 
regular breeding area the species has been taken, presumably breeding, on Lake Athabasca and at 
Sitka, Alaska, September, 22, 1911. J. Grinnell (1910) also reports the fact that a flock of five was 
seen on July 16 in Glacier Bay, southeastern Alaska, and A. M. Bailey (MS.) saw a single pair in this 
same region in August, 1920. The species has also been twice taken on the Pribilov Islands (Hanna, 
1920). Quite extraordinary is Turner’s (1886) statement that the species occurs in the Aleutians, 
although not breeding. On the Yukon Delta, he says, it is common in summer. MacFarlane (1908) 
states that it may breed north to the Anderson River, and Richardson {fide Baird, Brewer and Ridg- 
way, 1884) gives 68° north latitude as the northern limit, but I find no facts to substantiate these 
presumptions. The species has been known to straggle to Unalaska (March 18, 1879) and according 
to Cooke (1906) bred once on the St. Clair Flats, between Lakes Erie and Huron. Preble (1902) has 
recorded a specimen taken in August at Fort Churchill, and states that Bell took specimens on 
Hudson Bay. Verrill (1862) found a few apparently breeding on Anticosti Island in the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence, but Schmitt (1904) in his recent excellent monograph on the island, does not even 
mention the species as occurring there, and from its great scarcity all over New England and eastern 
Canada it could scarcely be more than accidental there. 
This duck has straggled as far north as Greenland although so far as I know only one specimen 
has been recorded and this was taken at Nanortalik, November 30, 1909 (Schioler, Greenland 
1912). Quite outside the regular European range it is remarkable to find the speeies 
breeding in Iceland, apparently not rarely; for Hantzsch (1905), the most recent 
writer on this district, records seven or eight authentic reports of its breeding in the vicinity of the 
Iceland 
