142 
ANAS STREPERA 
Scandinavia 
Germany 
Myvatn and he himself found it nesting there. Its occurrence in anj' other section of Iceland is not 
yet sufficiently proved; but its appearance on the island is unquestionablj' to be explained by the 
British presence of great numbers of other European species with which it probably arrives. 
Isles In England it seems to be an introduced breetier only, but now nests in some numbers 
in Norfolk and Suffolk (British Ornith. Union Checkli.st, 1915). Since 1906 the Gadwall has also 
been breeding in Scotland. Baxter and Rintoul (lO^O) quote records of its nesting there in Peebles, 
Kinross, Caithness, Ross-shire, Sutherland and Fife. 
It is a rare bird in most of Scandinavia, unknown in Norway excepting for three .sporadic occur- 
rences at Bergen, Listerland and Jaederen (Schaanning, 1913), and in Sweden not 
occurring north of 61° north latitude. It probably nests sparingly throughout southern 
Sweden, however, in Skane, Gotland, Gothenburg (Nilsson, 1858), in Schonen (Wallengren, 1854), 
and more commonly near Stockholm (Meves,^de Dresser, 1871-81). It has been found occasionally 
in the last sixty years near Helsingfors, Finland (Palmgren, 1913). Schrader’s {fide Pleske, 1886) 
statement that it breeds in Lapland is unquestionably erroneous. The species breeds in Denmark, at 
Fahnd and on the west coast of Jutland (Kjarbdlling, 1850) as well as in Holland (Schlegel, 1859; 
van Oort, 1908; Albarda, 1886). We have records of its breeding in many localities in 
Germany, where it seems to be increasing in the eastern sections. I find no records of 
its breeding in the extreme south, but it is recorded for Oldenburg (von Negelein, 1853), Hanover 
(Detmers, 1911; Lons, 1906), Anhalt (Baldamus, 1858), Brunswick (R. Blasius, 1896), IMecklenburg 
(Dahl, 1905; Wustnei, 1898), Brandenburg (Schalow, 1915), eastern Prussia (Hartert, 1892), western 
Saxony (Helm, 1905), Lusatia (Hantzsch, 1903), and Silesia, where it is quite common (von Zed- 
litz, 1919, p. 120; Floricke, 1891). In Posen it is a very rare bird (Hammling, 1917). The species 
Austria also breeds in Bohemia (Fritsch, 1872; von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, 1890), in Sla- 
Hungary vonia (W. E. Clarke, 1884; von Schweppenburg, 1915), in Hungary (de Gyula, 1903) 
where in some jdaces it is quite common (von Chernel, fide Naumann, 1896-1905), in eastern 
Galicia (Prazak, 1898) and in the Bukowina (von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, 1890) as well as in Tran- 
sylvania (Csato, fide von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, 1890). At best, however, it is a very doubtful 
breeder throughout what was formerly the Dual IMonarchy. On the other hand it appears to be 
extremely common as a breeder on the lower Danube, particularly in the Delta. I 
find it recorded for the Balkans from Bulgaria (Alleon, 1886; Reiser, 1894; Riidakoff, 
1879), Rumania (Radakoff, 1879; Lintia, 1909) particularly the Delta regions, Dobrudja and Bes- 
sarabia (Alleon, 1886; Sintenis, 1877; Radakoff, 1879; von Almasy, 1898). Elwesand Buckley (1870) 
think that some may nest in Macedonia while Reiser and von Ftihrer (1896) say the same for Monte- 
Poland and negro. Going north again, it breeds sparingly in Poland (Taczanowski, 1888; Katin, 
Baltic 1912) and most likely in Kurland and Livonia (Loudon, 1909). It does not breed in 
Provinces Esthonia, and I am of the opinion that its occurrence near Petrograd is only sporadic, 
Russia although Meves {fide Dresser, 1871-81) took a specimen on Ladoga in June. Buchner 
(1885) says it breeds sparingly near Petrograd, while J. von Fischer (1872) speaks of it as common in 
that vicinity. But there is no evidence to prove these last two statements, and the species is very 
probably of accidental occurrence both at Petrograd and at Novgorod (Bianchi, 1910). The speci- 
mens said to have been taken near Archangel are also very unusual and sporadic. There are three 
April records for Pskov (Zarudny, 1910). It breeds rarely in Jaroslav (Harvie-Brown, 1878) and 
farther east in Perm up to about 57° north latitude. It becomes more common farther south, in 
Moscow (Menzbier, 1881; Lorenz, 1892), thence eastward through Kazan (Russki, 1893) to southern 
Perm, where it is found at Ekaterinburg, and especially at Shadrinsk and Cheliabinsk. Moreover 
it breeds in Tambov (Dresser, 1871-81) and in Tula (Menzbier, 1881), in Orel (Goebel, 1871; Danil- 
off, 1864), Kief (Dresser, 1871-81), Charkow (Czernay, 1852), Voronetz (Czernay, 1852), Cherson 
(Brauner, 1894) and abundantly in Ekaterinoslav (Valkh, 1911) while in southeastern Russia it 
appears to be extremely abundant on the Volga in the vicinity of Sarepta (Moeschler, 1853; Becker, 
Balkans 
