GADWALL 
143 
Caucasus 
Spain 
Asia; 
1853). Dresser (1871-81) quotes Kessler as saying that it is less common in summer in southwestern 
than in southeastern Russia. Radde (1854) has recorded it for the Crimea but I am not sure that it 
breeds there. It apparently breeds throughout the Caucasus in suitable localities 
(Seebohm, 1883; Radde, 1884), particularly on the southern slopes, on Gotschai Lake 
and the Talysch lowlands. Before leaving Europe it may be well to speak of Spain, 
where the species breeds about the mouth of the Guadalquivir, at Santa Olaya (H. Saunders, 1871; 
Lilford, 1887), and at Zopiton and SantolaUa (A. Chapman and Buck, 1910). H. Noble (1902) has 
also recorded its breeding in Andalucia. Across the Straits it has been reported near Northwest 
Tangiers (Carstensen, 1852) and farther east in Algeria (Baldamus, 1858; von Zedlitz, Africa 
1914). According to Paglia {fide Picchi, 1904) it once nested near Mantua, Italy. Italy 
Bucknill’s (1911) record of its occurrence in Cyprus at the end of May seems to indicate that this 
species like the Shoveller may breed there. 
In Asia the species breeds throughout the Kirgis north of the Caspian and Aral Seas (Suschkin, 
1914; Nazarow, 1887) and along the entire southern shore of the Caspian, whence it has 
been recorded for the southwest district by Radde (1886), and for the southern section 
by Zarudny (1911), who also records it as nesting in the Parapamis Mountains, and ^^d*^ 
more rarely even as far south as the Seistan region of Afghanistan. Farther north in 
Transcaspia it was reported as a doubtful breeder by Radde and Walter (1889) who found it there in 
May, but Zarudny (1889-90) more recently has recorded it as being widely distributed in the Ted- 
shen and in the Merv districts, and breeding on the Alikhanov Canal, where he found several nests. 
Molcanov (1912) states that it nests in some numbers in the delta of the Amur-Daria or Oxus. 
The species also breeds in northern and northeastern Turkestan (Dresser, 1876; Lansdell, 1885), but 
it probably does not occur in the desert region of southwestern Turkestan. In western Asia it breeds 
apparently as far south as Yarkand and southern Kashgaria (Koslow, 1899), but very Western 
probably is to be regarded as chiefly a migrant in these regions. I do not believe it will Siberia 
be found nesting in any part of Kashmir. Finsch (1879) found it in several localities in western Sibe- 
ria, on the Sassyk Ala-kul, May 9, and on the Marka-kul as well. A little farther to the northeast it 
has been recorded as breeding about the Saissan-nor, at Minussinsk and in the Russian Altai (Susch- 
kin, 1914), and in the whole of western Siberia its breeding range probably extends north to at least 
58° north latitude. According to Ushakov (1913) it nests commonly in Tobolsk. Most astounding and 
inexplicable is Finsch’s (1879) statement that he took a pair leading young in down on July 23 on the 
Shchucha River, a tributary of the Ob, which joins the latter river at its mouth in about latitude 67° 
north. Looking east again we find Radde’s (1863) testimony for the species’ breeding Baikal 
in the eastern Sajan Mountains and in Transbaikalia, where it was found also nesting Region 
in the Argun Moimtains by Dybowski (Taczanowski, 1873). It apparently does not Eastern 
breed in Mongolia, nor has it been recorded from the lower Amur, but A. von Mid- Siberia 
dendorff (1853) found it nesting in the Stanowoi Mountains, where it probably ranges north to 
about 60° north latitude, and also on the coast of the Ochotsk Sea. According to Taczanowski (1893) 
it extends eastward even to Kamchatka, and Dybowski {fide Stejneger, 1887 ; Sokolnikoff, in Hartert, 
1920) found it on Bering Island. This is hardly sufficient evidence to warrant the inclusion of the 
regions as parts of the breeding range. Stejneger (1898) records it from the Kuriles on the testimony 
of Snow, but since we know nothing of its occurrence on Yezo or Saghalin I believe we must regard 
this record as doubtful or at best only a passage record of a specimen en route to Kamchatka. 
Winter Range 
In the New World the Gad wall winters on the Pacific coast from Vancouver Island south through 
Washington and Oregon, Utah and the whole of California (Cooke, 1906; GrinneU, North 
Bryant and Storer, 1918), rarely westward through Colorado (W. L. Sclater, 1912) and America 
presumably occurs throughout Nevada in winter, as also in Arizona and New Mexico. It has been 
