144 
ANAS STREPERA 
known to winter near a warm spring in Wyoming. Its chief winter quarters seem to be the basin of 
the lower Mississippi, north perhaps as far as southern Illinois (Ridgway, 1895) and Missouri, and 
very commonly in Arkansas (Howell, 1911), Louisiana (Beyer, Allison and Kopman, 1907) and 
Mississippi. By way of illustration in this connection it may be interesting to quote from an Ameri- 
can sporting journal which estimates that in five months during the winter 1913-14 about 15,620 of 
this species were killed in Louisiana alone! Throughout the whole of Texas they are abundant in 
winter (Merrill, 1878; Beckham, 1888; Strecker, 1912) and the same is true of northern Mexico. It 
occurs throughout the whole of the peninsula of Lower California wherever food occurs and in 
Mexico on the west coast south to about Manzanillo, but reaches Barra de Santa Ana (Tabasco) on 
the eastern coast. For Mexico it has been variously reported for Sonora (Robinette, /de J. A. Allen, 
1893), Chihuahua (Kennerly, fide Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1884), Presidio (Forrer, British 
Museum), Zacatecas (Richardson, ibid.), Mazatlan, Lake Chapala (Lawrence, 1874; Beebe, 1905), 
Guanajuato, Guadalajara (Duges, 1869), Valle de Mexico (Herrera, 1888; Villada, 1891-92), Tehua- 
can, Vera Cruz, and Barra de Santa Ana (Ferrari-Perez, 1886). In the West Indies the species occurs 
irregularly but not very rarely on Jamaica (March, 1864; P. L. Sclater, 1910) but seems to be quite 
unusual on Cuba (Gundlach, 1871). In Florida it is quite common (Cory, 1896) but apparently does 
not occur south of Kissimmee (U.S. Biological Survey). Northward along the Atlantic coast it is 
considered a rare bird in Georgia and South Carolina (Wayne, 1910) and even in North Carolina it 
is not common (Pearson, Brimley and Brimley, 1919). It is said to be common on the Potomac and 
on the larger streams of West Virginia (Rives, 1890) and a few are thought to winter even in Mary- 
land (Kirkwood, 1895). There is one record of its occurrence on Bermuda, December 20, 1849 
(J. M. Jones, 1859). The species also winters in the Haw^aiian Islands, whence it has been recorded 
for Oahu (R. C. L. Perkins, 1903). 
In Europe the Gadwall does not ordinarily winter south of 15° north latitude nor north of about 
Europe latitude excepting in western Europe w’here it winters much farther north, 
g It has occurred on the Shetlands and Orkneys, for example, and according to G. R. 
Isles Gray (1871) is perhaps not particularly rare in Scotland, where it has been met with 
in the Hebrides, in Forfar, Caithness, Glasgow, Islay, Renfrew, on the Tay and Forth 
Rivers, at Aberdeen, in Perth and in East Lothian. In the Outer Hebrides and especially in Tiree 
it is abundant in winter (Baxter and Rintoul, 1920). In England it is apparently to be met with 
sparingly throughout, while in Ireland it occurs rarely and chiefly in the eastern sections. W. Thomp- 
son (1851) records specimens from counties Down, Dublin, Westmeath, Wexford and Cork; and 
Ussher and Warren (1900) say it occurs irregularly in almost all the maritime provinces. On the 
Holland Continent it is said to occur rarely in winter in Holland (Dresser, 1871-81 ; Schlegel, 
1859) and at the mouth of the Enis River (Detmers, 1911), but seems to be quite 
common in Belgium during the winter months according to Dubois (1886) and Long- 
champs (fide Dresser, 1871-81); although more recently Quinet (fide Ternier and Masse, 1907) states 
that it is rare there. Naumann (1896-1905) quotes authorities to show that at times the species 
winters in various parts of Germany, viz. about Milnster, at Neuwied, in Oldenburg 
and in southern Bavaria and Baden. It winters throughout France, but rarely in the 
northern districts (Rogeron, 1903; Ternier and Masse, 1907; Paris, 1907), while in 
Spain, especially in southern Spain, it appears to have once been abundant (H. Saun- 
ders, 1877; Reyes y Prosper, 1886; Arevalo y Baca, 1887). It is said to be not very 
common in the Basque Province (Aldaz y Amazabel, 1918). It winters also on the 
Balearics (Reyes y Prosper, 1886). Barboza du Bocage (fide Dresser, 1871-81) states 
that it is not common in Portugal as recorded by A. C. Smith (1868). Apparently 
specimens have been taken only at Ovar and Ribatejo (Tait, 1896; de Seabra, 1910). 
It occurs in winter in Corsica (Jourdain, 1912) and in Sardinia (Salvadori, 1865), but 
is apparently not common in either island. On the other hand it is said to be abundant in Sicily, 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
Spain 
Balearics 
Portugal 
Italy 
