GADWALL 
145 
Switzer- 
land 
Hungary 
Balkans 
Asia Minor 
especially about Lentini and Syracuse (Giglioli, 1886), and visits Malta only occasionally in winter 
(C. A. Wright, 1864; Despott, 1917). It is found throughout Italy in winter, being recorded from all 
the Provinces, Calabria, Apulia, the Marches, Tuscany, Liguria, Lombardy, Piedmont and Savoy 
(Giglioli, 1886, 1889-91), but is far from common in the peninsula, and quite rare in the northern 
sections. Althammer (1857) has recorded it for the Tyrol, and Patio (1904) speaks of Tyrol 
its occurrence in all parts of Switzerland, adding that it is not common. It winters to 
some extent in Hungary (Madarasz, 1884), but probably in only the southern sections; 
according to Kolombatovic (1903) it is not rare in Dalmatia. Lodge (1909) says it is 
common at Durazzo, and Elwes and Buckley (1870) found it common in Macedonia, 
while Reiser (1894) quotes Hristovic for its occurrence at Sofia in winter. In Greece it has been 
found by Kriiper (1862) and Lindermayer (1860) but according to von der Muhle (1844) it is not 
common there. Lilford (1875) speaks of finding it on the Ionian Isles, and Dresser (1871-81) gives 
the whole of Asia Minor as part of its wunter habitat. Danford (1880) found it an 
abundant species in the Taurus, and it appears in Mesopotamia in great numbers dur- 
ing the inundations of the Euphrates (Ticehurst, Buxton and Cheesman, 1922, p. 655). 
The species is found in northern Africa in wunter, and has been recorded as not common and 
irregular in Morocco (Favier,^de Dresser, 1871-81; Irby, 1875), though apparently quite abundant 
in Algeria (Salvin, 1859; Loche, 1867; Tristram, 1860; Taczanowski, 1870). Concern- Northwest 
ing Tunis, Whitaker (1905) says it is not rare, but irregular; Kdnig (1888) has also Africa 
recorded it from Tunis. In the Nile Delta the species seems to be not uncommon, but 
is probably exceedingly rare farther up the river, even at Giza (Nicoll, 1909, 1919). 
Shelley (1872) says he shot it as far south as El Kab, about 19° north latitude. Von Heuglin (1873) 
took specimens in winter at Adowa, Abyssinia, but I am loath to believe that the species regularly 
passes so far south, and I find no further records for this region. Verreaux’s (fide Layard, 1875-84) 
statement that the species had been taken on the Orange River, Cape of Good Hope, must, I believe, 
be accepted with reserve as being insufficiently proved. The fact that Bennett (Tristram, 1898) 
found it on Socotra, in the Gulf of Aden, and that von Heuglin (1873) took a half -starved specimen 
at Suakin on the Red Sea in October, seems to indicate that the species very occasionally strays along 
the Red Sea. 
In Palestine it was met with in winter by Tristram (1884), and Bucknill (1911) found it on Cyprus 
in December. It has been taken at Erzerum (Dresser, 1891) and winters, according to Zarudny 
(1911) in the Zaragoss and Mesopotamian regions of Persia. A few were seen on the 
lower Euphrates in February by a member of the British Expeditionary Force (London 
Field, Dec. 14, 1918). Blanford (1876) speaks of it as occurring all over Persia, and Zarudny (1911) 
says it is common in winter south of the Caspian, in the Parapamis, the Seistan, in Kuhistan and 
Kirman, and in both the northern and southern parts of Baluchistan. Farther north it seems to be 
common in Transcaspia where it was taken at Askhabad and Merv in December and January 
(Stolzmann, 1893), along the Tekes River (Loudon, 1910) and on the Murghab (Scully, 1887). C. 
Swinhoe (1882) speaks of it as common in midwinter in southern Afghanistan, and according to 
Sharpe (1889) specimens were taken in Badghis, extreme northwestern Afghanistan, in January and 
February. Stolzmann (1897) reports it as having been taken at Kokand, Ferghana, on February 10, 
but I do not believe the species ordinarily wunters so far north in this region, and I am quite certain 
that Koslow’s (1899) statement that it winters on the Bargrasch-kul (circa 87° east longitude, 42° 
north latitude) must be either erroneous, or very exceptional. At least the species seems to occur on 
passage only near Gilgit, northwestern Kashmir, though it winters in most of the Province (Hume 
and Marshall, 1879). In the district about Kohat and Kurram it is rare in winter (C. H. T. White- 
head, 1909), but south and east of this region it becomes exceedingly common throughout northern 
India south of the Himalayas as far as Mysore, 13° or 14° north latitude. Within this area it is abun- 
dant in Sind, Pimjab, the Northwest Provinces and Bengal, in Bombay and Mysore, but not in 
Asia 
