146 
ANAS STREPERA 
Madras (Baker, 1908), extending eastward through Assam, Manipur and Tipperah to Burma. It 
has been recorded from Arakan by Blyth (1875), and recently Bingham and Thompson (1900) and 
Rippon (1901) reported it common in the South Shan States. Thence eastward it occurs in southern 
China, but is apparently far from common in that country. It has been variously reported by David 
and Oustalet (1877) and by Seebohm (1884), for Foochow by Rickett (1894), for Ningpo by R. 
Swinhoe (1873), for the lower Yangtse by Styan (1891), and for Shanghai by Wade (1895) and 
Swinhoe (von Heuglin, 1874). I know nothing of its occurrence in Formosa or in the Loo-choo 
Islands, but it is found in winter in southern Japan, where it has been taken at Nagasaki and Yoko- 
hama (Seebohm, 1890). According to Blakiston and Fryer (1882) it winters even north of Tokio. 
From northern Japan or Yezo we have no records. 
Passage Area 
Europe 
In North America, and Europe and Asia as well, there is a certain area in which the bird is knowm 
primarily or wholly as a migrant, and this region, in the New World, extends from Colorado, through 
North southern Nebraska and Kansas, Iowa, Missouri and Illinois, thence east to the Al- 
America leghany Mountains, perhaps including parts of Tennessee and Kentucky, and cer- 
tainly Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. The Gadwall is extremely rare on the 
Atlantic coast from Chesapeake Bay north through New Jersey and all of New England, becoming 
sporadic in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick as w'ell as in Quebec and most of Ontario (J. and J. M. 
Macoun, 1909; Dionne, 1906; Mcllwraith, 1894). The evidence for these remarks is not meager. 
Though the species winters and breeds in Colorado, it occurs chiefly on passage (W. L. Sclater, 1912). 
It is common on passage in Kansas (Goss, 1891) and in Nebraska (W. E. Taylor and Van Vleet, 
1888), not rare on passage in northern Illinois (Nehrling, 1885), and occurs in Michigan (Barrows, 
1912), Pennsylvania (Todd, 1904) and in New York (Eaton, 1910). On Delaware Bay and in New 
Jersey it is known as a rare transient (W. Stone, 1909) and the same is even more true of New Eng- 
land (G. M. Allen, 1909; and others). 
In Europe the species is to be regarded primarily as a bird of passage in Holland, Belgium, France, 
excepting the southern parts, extreme northern Italy, Lorraine, Switzerland, extreme southern and 
western Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Galicia and southern Poland, for although it 
breeds in many of these regions and winters in others, yet in some it occurs only on 
passage, as in Lorraine (d’Hamonville, 1895; von Besserer, 1899), and in all the specified areas it is 
known chiefly as a migrant. 
In Asia, as in America and Europe, there is also an extended area in which the species occurs pri- 
marily or wholly on passage, and Oustalet (1894) some time ago called attention to this fact when he 
spoke of the species as traversing central Asia on migration. Meager as our data are, 
this area may be said roughly to extend from eastern Turkestan, or perhaps even 
eastern Transcaspia (Merv), along the northern parts of Kashmir and then to follow the course of the 
Himalayas through northwestern China, across the Yellow Sea (excluding Korea) and the course of 
the Ussuri northward to Uda Bay. Thence it runs southwestward along the northern edge of the 
Mongolian deserts till it reaches Turkestan again. Our information eoncerning the occurrence of this 
species is very defective, but a few facts will serve to clarify the situation. In southwestern Turke- 
stan, says Lansdell (1885), the species occurs on passage, and concerning northwestern Kashmir the 
same is true according to Biddulph (1881). Scully (1879) says the birds do not winter in Nepal, but 
are common on passage; the same is probably true of the whole Himalayan range. In northern Tibet 
and on the Lob-nor it occurs on passage (Koslow, 1899), and specimens have been taken at Aktarma 
and Lob-nor during the second half of October (Oustalet, 1894). It occurs on passage in A'arkand and 
Kashgaria (Koslow, 1899) and in southeastern Mongolia (Prjevalski, 1878). According to the same 
writer one specimen was also taken at Lake Hanka in late April. The species is unknown from Korea 
Asia 
