170 
ANAS PENELOPE 
In Iceland it is a not rare breeder (Hantzsch, 1905; Millais, 1902), but only a few breed on the 
Iceland 
Faroes 
Shetlands 
British 
Isles 
France 
Italy 
Faroes (Muller, Millais, 1902). Saxby (1874) some time ago recorded numerous 
instances of its breeding on the Shetlands, but the only recent record is for 1897 
(Baxter and Rintoul, 1920a). In the British Isles it is not known to have bred in 
Ireland, but very likely does so in some of the northern counties, where young have 
been taken (Ussher and Warren, 1900). In Scotland it is increasing as a breeder, and 
has been recorded as nesting successively in the Orkneys, in Sutherland abundantly, in Inverness, 
Cromarty, Ross, Caithness, Perth, Kinross, Dumfries, commonly in Selkirk, in Moray, Kincardine, 
Argyll and Roxburgh (Baxter and Rintoul, 1920a). In England it has nested only very exceptionally. 
Stonham (1908) says it has bred in East York, Cheshire, Norfolk and Sussex, and Baxter and Rintoul 
(1920a) state that it has nested in Cumberland also. According to the British Ornithologists’ Union 
Checklist (1915) it breeds occasionally in northern England and also in Wales. On the Continent 
the species has been variously reported as breeding in about every country, but all records in western 
Holland Europe south of 57° are to be regarded as unusual. Such are those for Holland (Schlegel, 
1859; de Vries, Ardea, vol. 10, p. 33, 1921), and for France, where the species occa- 
sionally nests in the swamps according to Degland (1849), and in Franche-Comte 
(Ternier and Masse, 1907). D’Hamonville (1895) says a few breed in Lorraine, apparently regu- 
larly, but this statement seems questionable. It has even been reported nesting in the Camargue 
(J. von Muller, 1856). In Italy the species evidently nests not so very rarely in the 
Province of Venice, as has been variously reported by many authors, most reliably by 
Giglioli’s (1886) correspondents, as well as by Arrigoni degli Oddi (1898) and Picchi (1904). There 
seems to be no doubt of its having bred a few times at Pavia and at Piacenza, as Giglioli (1889-91) 
reports on the testimony of Arrigoni degli Oddi, and also at Massarosa, Tuscany (Gragnani, reported 
by Giglioli, 1889). The species may have bred even in northern Sardinia at Sorso, Sassari, if we 
can believe Bonomi (reported by Giglioli, 1889) and Picchi (1898). But even taking this into con- 
sideration it is difficult to credit Loche’s (1867) statement that it breeds in Algeria! 
Farther north it breeds rarely in Germany, in the Provinces of Mecklenburg (Dahl, 
1905; Wiistnei, 1898), the island of Riigen (von Honieyer,^de Naumann, 1896-1905), 
Oldenburg (von Negelein, 1853), Westphalia (Altum, 1830), Brunswick (R. Blasius, 1896), Lusatia 
(Tobias, 1853), Silesia (Floricke, 1891; Kollibay, 1906) and eastern Prussia (Hartert, 1892). It nests 
most commonly in eastern Prussia (Floricke, 1898) and may possibly breed in Bavaria (Naumann, 
Austria 1896-1905). In Bohemia it breeds sparingly (Fritsch, 1872) and is said to breed also 
Hungary on the Danubian Islands of lower Austria (Frauenfeld, fide Naumann, 1896-1905), 
while in Hungary it has bred at Vilagos, Arad Comitat (Madarasz, 1884) and on the Neusiedler Lake 
{fide Naumann, 1896-1905). Seebohm (1885) says he took eggs on the lower Danube, but he gives no 
specific locality; very likely he refers to Transylvania. Sintenis (1877) found the species on Lake 
Sinoe, Danube delta, in May, and it may have been breeding there. Passing north to the regular 
Baltic breeding range I find that the species nests occasionally in Denmark, in northern See- 
Lands land (Kjarbolling, 1850), rarely in southern Norway, but commonly in the north, 
becoming abundant on the Lapland frontier (Schaanning, 1913; Collett, 1873), specifically on the 
Lofotens and Vesteraalen (Boie, 1869), in Tromsb (Hartwig, 1889), on south Varanger (H. J. Pearson, 
1904). In Sweden, according to Wallengren (1853), it breeds rarely south as far as Smaland, more 
commonly in the mountainous provinces of western middle Sweden, as in Bohus and Werm, but 
rarely in eastern middle Sweden (Uppland). It becomes gradually more common farther north until 
in Lapland it appears to be the most abundant breeder, north to Utsjoki and even the Arctic Ocean, 
in south Varanger (Palmen, 1876). In Lapponia Enontekiensis it is very common (Suomalainen, 
1908) and also in southwestern Lapland (Palmen, 1876). Various other writers have recorded it for 
Lapland, Pearson (1904) specifically for the Russian districts. It is the commonest breeding duck 
in western Lapland (Finnila, 1913, 1914; Montell, 1917). On the Kola Peninsula it was found by 
Algeria 
Germany 
