172 
ANAS PENELOPE 
while he himself found it very common along the course of the lower Ob, meeting with it at Obdorsk 
in July; and on the Shchucha River, a confluent of the lower Ob, in August. Eastward Popham 
(1897) found it an abundant breeder on the Jenesei north of Jeneseisk, and it is similarly reported 
for the Jenesei by Seebohm (1879), Suschkin (1913) and Haviland (1915). Palmen (1887) states that 
it extends north to 70° 30' on the Jenesei. Eastward it was found breeding on the Boganida, a tribu- 
tary of the Cheta, in 71° north latitude by A. T. von Middendorff (1853), and farther south on the 
Wiljui River, a large confluent of the Lena, it was found by Pawlowski {fide Taczanowski, 1893). 
Between the Jenesei and the Lena, the species apparently nests everywhere south to the northern 
boundary of Mongolia. Radde (1863) found it breeding on the northern Angara River, in Irkutsk; 
Suschkin (1912) states that it breeds in the Baikal region and in Mongolia. Radde (1863) met with 
it in the eastern Sajan Mountains in late May, and I believe it very probably breeds to some degree 
not only there, but also in Transbaikalia, although Taczanowski (1874) says it is a bird of passage 
there. The status of the species in the region east of Lake Baikal is very vague. Pere David (David 
and Oustalet, 1877) is quite confident that it breeds in “Mongolia” (presumably the southeastern 
part). Prjevalski (1878) says some breed on Lake Hanka. Von Schrenck (1859) states that it is 
common everywhere on the Amur to its mouth, but since most of his dates are for autumn it is more 
than likely that he means on passage. He believes, however, that eggs which he took at Mariinsk, 
on the lower Amur, belong to this species. There is no evidence that this duck has ever bred on 
Saghalin Island, but Borrissow (fide Hesse, 1915) shot it there at Hagdusa in early May, and it may 
very likely breed in the northern part of the island. North of the Amur Government, A. T. von 
Middendorff (1853) found it breeding at Angminsk but says he did not meet with it east of the 
Stanowoi Mountains. Still farther north Bunge and Toll (1887) found it breeding at Werchojansk, 
on the Jana River, and also on the Adytscha River, a tributary of the Jana. According to Palmen 
(1887) it extends north to 71° 20' on the Jana. Eastward Thayer and Bangs (1914) record it as com- 
mon at Nijni Kolimsk, at the mouth of the Kolyma; and at Gichiga, at the head of Gichiga Bay, 
Ochotsk Sea, it breeds, though not commonly (J. A. Allen, 1905). However, it is said to nest com- 
monly at Marsova, on the Anadyr River (J. A. Allen, 1905) and Bianchi (1908) states that specimens 
have been taken on the Maina River, in the Anadyr Basin, on May 29 and June 22. Nelson (1883) 
did not find it on the extreme eastern Arctic coast, but says he believes it must breed on the Aleu- 
tians. There is no adequate proof, however. Elliott (1882), who found it on the Pribilov Islands, says 
it never occurs in pairs, and the specimens met with are evidently stragglers. Dali (1873) says it is 
not uncommon in winter on Unalaska, but migrates about May 1. I am unable to explain this state- 
ment; there is no other information of its having occurred on the Aleutians. It is a numerous but 
irregular visitor on the Commander Islands, but has never been known to breed (Stejneger, 1885; 
Bianchi, 1909; Hartert, 1920). The species has been many times recorded from Kamchatka (von 
Ditmar, 1900; Stejneger, 1885; Bianchi, 1909a) where it is evidently common in spring. I know of 
one record of its having bred (Kuroda, in litt.), while Bianchi (1909a) says it was found between 
June 25 and July 8 on Nerpech Lake (presumably in the northern part) where it probably breeds. 
Winter Range 
In winter the European Widgeon is found sparingly on the Shetlands (Saxby, 1874; Evans and Buck- 
Shetlands ley, 1899) but not on the Faroes, although Hantzsch (1905) thinks it more than likely 
Faroes that some spend the winter in Iceland. In the British Isles it is abundant in the cold 
Iceland season, especially on the coasts of Scotland (G. R. Gray, 1871; Baxter and Rintoul, 
Scotland 1920a) and on the east and southeast coasts of England (Dresser, 1871-81; Seebohm, 
England 1885; Millais, 1902; Stonham, 1908; etc.). In Ireland it is abundant (W. Thompson, 
Ireland 1851; Payne-Gallwey, 1882; Ussher and Warren, 1900). Concerning the Continent 
Norway Collett (1871) says it is very common on the coasts of Norway, evidently meaning only 
