WIDGEON 
173 
the southwestern and southern parts as stated by Schaanning (1913). Dresser (1871-81) states 
that considerable numbers spend the winter in southern Sweden, but there seems Sweden 
to be some question about this. In Denmark it is abundant in winter (Kjarbol- Denmark 
ling, 1850), while in Germany it rarely winters except in certain localities; com- Germany 
monly in Schleswig-Holstein (Rohweder, fide Naumann, 1896-1905), in Brunswick 
(R. Blasius, 1896), not rarely at Neuwied (Brahts, 1855), sparingly in the Rhine Provinces (LeRoi, 
1906-07). Naumann (1896-1905) states that it most probably winters occasionally in Bavaria, 
Wtirtemberg and Baden, while Floricke (1898) claims to have seen specimens in eastern Prussia in 
winter. The species is common in Holland as well as in Belgium (Schlegel, 1859; Holland 
Dubois, 1886; Raspail, 1913) and on the coasts of France (Seebohm, 1885). Rogeron Bgigjujn 
(1903) states that it winters sparingly in Anjou; the British Museum has a specimen 
taken at Arcachon in November; H. Saunders (1884) met with it on the Lac de 
Lourdes in the Pyrenees; Backhouse (1887) states that it is common at Perpignan; Clarke (1898) 
records it for the Rhone Delta and Provence, and Lilford (1875) procured it at Cannes in midwinter. 
According to Reyes y Prosper (1886) and Arevalo y Baca (1887) it winters in Spain 
very commonly in Andalucia and on the coast of Catalonia whence it extends to the 
central districts. In Granada, Murcia and Galicia the latter says it is less common 
common bird in Portugal (Tait, 1896; A. C. Smith, 1868; Seabra, 1910). From the 
Balearics it has been reported for Mallorca and Minorca (Barcelon, fide Reyes y 
Prosper, 1886). According to J. Whitehead (1885) it is common in Corsica, and 
according to Salvadori (1865) and Brooke (1873) abundant in Sardinia. In Sicily 
it is very common (Malherbe, 1843) and C. A. Wright (1864) states that it is found in winter on 
Malta, but according to Despott (1917) it is a scarce bird there. In the Italian penin- 
sula it winters, as Giglioli’s (1889-91) investigations show, from Sicily through Cala- 
bria, Apulia, Campania, the Marches, Tuscany, Liguria, Venice, Lombardy and Piedmont. Fatio 
(1904) says the species winters sparingly in Switzerland. Althammer (1857) has 
recorded it as fairly common in the Tyrol, while on the Adriatic coast in Dalmatia it 
is abundant (Kolombatovic, 1903). Crown Prince Rudolph and Brehm (1879) state that it winters 
about Vienna, and it apparently does so in limited numbers in Hungary (Madarasz, 1884) as well as 
in Transylvania (Danford and Harvie-Brown, 1875). In the Balkans it winters south 
through Montenegro (Reiser and von Fiihrer, 1896) and Greece, where it is abundant 
(von der Miihle, 1844; Kriiper, 1862; Lindermayer, 1860), specifically on the Cyclades (Erhard, 
1858), and on the Ionian Islands and in western Greece (Pow’ys, 1860). Northward it is very com- 
mon in Macedonia (Elwes and Buckley, 1870), in Bulgaria, and even in Bessarabia (Radakofli, 1879). 
Dresser (1871-81) states that it winters on the Russian coasts of the Black Sea, but 
Brauner (1894) says nothing of its wintering in Cherson or the Crimea, and its doing 
so regularly seems open to doubt, although Radde (1854) states that it winters in the Crimea. 
In western Africa the species is abundant in winter. Ogilvie-Grant (1905) found a specimen from 
San Miguel, Azores, in the Ponta Delgada Museum and was told that it was not uncommon 
on these islands. Harcourt (1851) and Hartwig (Ornith. Monatsb., 1894, p. 57) Western 
found it in the Madeiras, Meade- Waldo (1893) saw it in the Canaries, and Cabrera Africa 
y Diaz (1893-94) has two specimens from the same archipelago. Beyond this there are Azores 
probably very few records (Bannerman, 1919). It has not yet been reported from the Cananes 
Cape Verde group, but it must occur there, if we are to believe de Rocbebrune’s (1883-85) statement 
that it is pretty common on the mainland as far south as Senegambia, where it has been taken at 
Thionk, Leybar, Taalari and Sedhiou. The same author says it occurs in that country on passage at 
the end of winter, which indicates that the species winters even farther south on the west coast of the 
continent. Information concerning this part of the world is so meager that it is impossible to decide 
the question, but de Rochebrune’s statements must always be treated cautiously. Farther north it is 
Spain 
It is also a 
Portugal 
Corsica 
Sardinia 
Italy 
Switzerland 
Balkans 
Russia 
