EUROPEAN TEAL 
215 
Italy 
Switzerland 
Germany 
Balkans 
was long ago told of nests near Syracuse and Catania in Sicily, while C. A. Wright (1864) has more 
recently recorded it as being occasionally met with in June in Malta, hence possibly breeding. 
Despott (1917) says it is fairly common at all seasons on Malta, but he makes no reference to its 
breeding. It certainly nests in various parts of Italy, and Giglioli (1889-91) quotes 
statements for its occurrence as a breeder in Calabria, Tuscany, Venice, Lombardy 
and Piedmont. Soffel (1915) says it breeds on Lago Maggiore, and according to Bailly 
(fide Dresser, 1871-81) it is “resident” in Savoy. In Switzerland it breeds throughout 
in suitable localities (Fatio, 1904), and the same is evidently true of Germany. For 
this latter country we have testimony of its nesting in Schleswig and Mecklenburg (Dahl, 1905), 
in Mecklenburg (Wiistnei, 1902), in Oldenburg (von Negelein, 1853), in the Rhine Provinces (Le 
Roi, 1906-07), at Neuwied (Brahts, 1855), Lorraine (von Besserer, 1899), in Bavaria (Jackel, 
Naumann, 1896-1905), in Saxony (Heyder, 1913), in Lusatia (Hantzsch, 1903), in Brandenburg 
(Schalow, 1915), in Pomerania (T.Holland, 1857) and in eastern Prussia (Hartert, 1892). The species 
also breeds (but only very sparingly) in the southern parts of what was formerly the Dual Monarchy. 
Fritsch (1872) says it is abundant in Bohemia in summer, and Madarasz (1884) states Austria 
that it breeds at Neusohl (Hungary). Farther south. Crown Prince Rudolf and Hungary 
Brehm (1879) have recorded its nesting near Vienna, and von Mojsisovics (1887) and Rdssler have 
reported it breeding in Slavonia. Danford and Harvie-Brown (1875) found it common everywhere 
in Transylvania in May. From the Balkans we have records of its nesting in Bosnia, 
Herzegovina, and Montenegro (Bielz, fide Naumann, 1896-1905; Reiser and von 
Fiihrer, 1896), Bulgaria, not far from Sofia (Hristovic, Reiser, 1894) and in parts of northern 
Greece (Lindermayer, 1860). Sladen (1917) speaks of it as resident and probably breeding in Mace- 
donia, and Lintia (1909) has reported its breeding in Rumania. According to Sintenis (1877) it is 
a very common breeder in the Dobrudja. It undoubtedly breeds about Constantinople, Xurkey 
for G. C. Taylor (1872) found it abundant in late May at Ismid. 
In European Russia and Poland the species seems to occur everywhere as a breeder. Representa- 
tive records are the following: according to Taczanowski (1888), very common in Poland in the 
summer, and a common breeder in the Baltic Provinces, Kurland, Esthonia and 
Russia 
Livonia (Loudon, 1909) ; a few breed in Pskov (Zarudny, 1910) ; abundant in the whole 
of the Petrograd Government (Biichner, 1885); at Petrograd (Deditius, 1885; Bianchi, 1907); at 
New Ladoga (von Brandt, 1880); about Ladoga and Onega (Sievers, 1877); abundant at Archangel 
(Dresser, 1871-81; Goebel, 1869a; Seebohm, 1882a; Alston and Harvie-Brown, 1873). E. von Mid- 
dendorff (1891) has recorded its breeding at Shishgin Light on the White Sea, H. J. Pearson (1899) 
found it breeding in the Kanin Peninsula, Bianchi (1902b) has reported it for the Murman coast 
(May 18), Harvie-Bro^-n (1876) found it common north of 64° 30' between the 40th and 65th merid- 
ians of east longitude. This may be a convenient place to mention its occurrence in 
Spitzbergen, where it was found on Horn Sound in late March, 1901, by Bauendahl 
{fide Schalow, Journ. f. Ornith., vol. 50, p. 126, 1902). Bunge {fide Schalow, 1905) recorded a “teal” 
from the same place one year previous. May 16, 1900, possibly indicating a regular but limited migra- 
tion to southern Spitzbergen for breeding purposes. To return to Russia, Harvie-Brown (1877) says 
that between the 59th and 65th parallels of north latitude the species is common in summer from 
30° east longitude to the eastern boundary of Perm, being somewhat rarer between 40° and 50° east 
longitude, that is in eastern Olonetz and western Vologda. Mejakoff (1856) has recorded it from 
Vologda Government and Goebel (1873) from Novgorod, as has also Bianchi (1910). In the Urals 
it is common at Pavda, but becomes rarer in the southern districts of Perm (Harvie-Brown, 1878). 
It is a very common breeder in west-central Russia, in Moscow (Menzbier, 1883; Lorenz, 1892) and 
in Tula (Menzbier, 1883), as well as in Orel (Daniloff, 1864) and Ekaterinoslav (Valkh, 1911). Von 
Nordmann (1840) states that it is “resident” on the Black Sea, and Radde (1854) speaks of the 
species as common in summer in the Crimea. According to Moeschler (1853) it is a very common 
Spitzbergen 
