218 
ANAS CRECCA 
Winter Range 
Ordinarily the Common Teal does not winter much north of 45° and never south of the Equator, 
but like many other species it is found much farther north in western Europe than the parallel above 
indicated. A few actually winter in Iceland (Hantzsch, 1905) though I find no evidence 
Shetlands their doing so on the Faroes or the Shetlands. It is ■well known throughout the 
United Kingdom in wdnter (Dresser, 1871-81; Seebohm, 1885; R. Gray, 1871; W. Thompson, 1851; 
Norway 
Sweden 
Denmark 
Belgium 
France 
Ussher and Warren, 1900; etc.), and in the south of England is rare at any other season. 
On the Continent the species winters as far north as southern Norway, according to 
Collett (1871), and is found there on the coasts from Orkedalen to the Swedish border. 
Mortensen (1909) says it winters in Denmark, and in Belgium it is common in the cold 
season (Dubois, 1912). Dresser (1871-81) states that it is abundant in winter in 
France, and Paris (1907) calls it a resident, but I believe it is found only sparingly 
in the interior being most common on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Backhouse (1887) 
says it is the commonest duck in winter about Perpignan, and Lilford (1875) obtained it in the market 
of Cannes, Provence, in late December. According to A. C. Smith (1868), Tait (1896) and de Seabra 
Portugal (1910), it is abundant in winter in Portugal, and the same is true of Spain. From 
Spain latter country it has been reported as occurring in large flocks at Santander, on 
the coast of the Bay of Biscay (Irby, 1883), occurring also at Lac de Lourdes in the 
Pyrenees (H. Saunders, 1884). According to Arevalo y Baca (1887) it is very abundant in Valencia, 
Andalucia and Murcia as well as in central Spain. Reyes y Prosper (1886) has recorded it for the 
Corsica Balearics, Mallorca and Minorca. It is common in winter in Corsica (Jourdain, 1912; 
J. Whitehead, 1885; Wharton, 1876) and in Sardinia (Salvadori, 1865; Giglioli, 
1889-91) while in Italy the species is met with in winter from Savoy (Bailey, fide 
Dresser, 1871-81) southward through Lombardy, Venice, Liguria, Tuscany, the Marches, Apulia, 
Calabria and Sicily (Giglioli, 1889-91). C. A. Wright (1864) met with it in November and March in 
Malta, and Despott (1917) says it is especially common there in winter. Fatio (1904) 
says the Teal winters in various parts of Switzerland, and according to Naumann 
(1896-1905) it has been known to winter in about all the western and southern States 
of Germany, as well as in Silesia. In what was formerly the Dual Monarchy it seems 
that a few w’inter occasionally in Bohemia and upper Austria (Naumann, 1896-1905), 
in Hungary (Madarasz, 1884) and in the Tyrol (Althammer, 1857), being more com- 
mon in the last place and becoming even more so in Dalmatia (Kolombatovic, 1903), 
Montenegro (Naumann, 1896-1905) and Albania (Lodge, 1909). So also the birds 
appear to winter abundantly throughout the Balkans, in Bulgaria (Reiser, 1894) and all along the 
low'er Danube and in Bessarabia (Radakoff, 1881) as well as in Macedonia (Elwes and Buckley, 
1870), in the Ionian Isles (Lilford, 1875) and in Greece (Powys, 1860; von der Miihle, 1844). Accord- 
ing to an old statement of von Nordmann (1840), it winters on the Russian coast of the 
Black Sea also, and this does not seem at all improbable. The species winters abun- 
dantly in Asia Minor (Robson, Dresser, 1871-81), being found specifically about 
the Bosphorus (Braun, 1908), at Smyrna (Strickland, 1836), at Sardis (Flora Russell, 
1912), in the mountains of Cilicia and in the Taurus (Danford, 1878, 1880), on Cyprus 
(Lilford, 1889; Bucknill, 1911) and in Mesopotamia, at Ras el Ain (Neumann, 1915), and along the 
lower Euphrates (Meinertzhagen, 1914). Evidently it is exceedingly common even far inland. 
Tristram (1884) and Meinertzhagen (1920) met with the species in Palestine and Hart (1891) and 
Arabia Wyatt (fide Hart, 1891) both found it on the Sinai Peninsula. In Arabia it has been 
found at Aden by both Yerbury (1886) and Barnes (1893), and I have little doubt that 
Persia sparingly along the entire Red Sea coast of Arabia. The British Museum 
possesses specimens from Socotra. In Persia and neighboring districts it winters in 
Italy 
Malta 
Germany 
Austria 
Hungary 
Balkans 
Russia 
Asia Minor 
Cyprus 
