EUROPEAN TEAL 
219 
India 
the Caucasus (Radde, 1884) and on the southwestern Caspian (Radde, 1884). According to Zarudny, 
(1911) it winters on the south Caspian, and Stolzmann (1893) found it in winter at Askhabad, 
Transcaspia. It appears to winter more rarely in northern than in southern Persia, as in southern 
Chorassan and the Parapamis (Zarudny, 1911), Badghis (Sharpe, 1891), northern Afghanistan 
(Scully, 1876) and Samarkand (Carruthers, 1910), and more abundantly in Mesopotamia and south- 
western Persia (Witherby, 1903), Baltistan (Richmond, 1896), southern Afghanistan (C. Swinhoe, 
1882), Baluchistan (Meinertzhagen, 1920), Seistan, Kuhistan and Kirman, and northern and 
southern Baluchistan (Zarudny, 1911; Baker, 1919). Farther east the species winters on the 
Indian border at Kohat and Kurram (C. H. T. Whitehead, 1909) and sparingly also at Gilgit, 
Kashmir (Scully, 1881). In the region of the northwestern Himalayas it winters eastward as far as 
Kashgaria (Schalow, 1908; Scully, 1876) and Yarkand (Scully, 1876). In India it 
appears to be abundant everywhere from Sind and the Punjab east to Bengal and 
Assam, and from the Himalayas south to Ceylon and the Maidive Archipelago (Hume and Marshall, 
1879; Baker, 1908; Legge, 1880; Gadow and Gardiner, 1903). It is found in Upper Burma and in 
northern Siam (Hume and Marshall, 1879) in the South Shan States (Rippon, 1901), in Arakan 
(Blyth, 1867; Hopwood, 1912) and rarely in Tenasserim and Pegu (E. W. Oates, 1883). Kloss (1903) 
has recorded it for the Andamans and Nicobars, and the British Museum possesses a specimen from 
the Straits. Considering that the Teal has been found several times in North Celebes (Meyer and 
Wiglesworth, 1898) and also in the Philippines (R. C. McGregor, 1909; J. Whitehead, 1899), I think 
it not improbable that it may winter in suitable places throughout the Malay Peninsula and on some 
of the western islands of the East Indies. In Yunnan, H. R. Davies (1909) found it one of the com- 
monest ducks and in western Yunnan it is described as abundant by Menegaux and Didier (1913). 
In China proper, the Teal is a common bird in winter, and has been variously reported 
from that coxmtry by R. Swinhoe (1860, 1863a, 1875) (Hainan, Formosa, Hong-kong, 
Amoy, Foochow, Chefoo, Peking); by La Touche (1892) (Swatow, Foochow, Chin-kiang); by Styan 
(1891) (lower Yangtse); by R. Slater (1882) (Hankow); by Seebohm (1884) (Kiu-kiang); by Klein- 
schmidt (1913) (Kiauchow); by H. A. Walton (1903) (Peking); by David and Oustalet (1877) (Pe- 
king); by Thayer and Bangs (1912) (Hupeh and Szechwan); by E. H. Wilson (1913) and La Touche 
(1922) (Kiating); by Berezowski and Bianchi (1891) (Kan-su); by Sowerby (1912) (Shensi and 
Kan-su) ; and by Prjevalski (1878) (Tsaidam, Mongolia and Kuku-nor). Kalinowski {fide Taczanow- 
ski, 1893) says it winters in Korea; and in Japan it is abundant throughout according 
to Ogawa (1908) (Tanegashima and Ishigakishima, Loo-choo group), Blakiston and 
Pryer (1878) (southern Japan), M’Vean (1878) (Tokio), Whitely (1867) (Yezo). Von Ditmar 
(1900) states that it winters in Kamchatka, but I find no evidence to substantiate this rather strik- 
ing statement. As remarked above, the species has been found in northern Celebes in winter, and 
some stay there all summer (Meyer and Wiglesworth, 1897) while in the Philippines it is not 
imcommon in Luzon (J. Whitehead, 1899) and has been taken also on Calayan (R. C. McGregor, 
1909) and Mindoro (?) (Platen, R. C. McGregor, 1909). 
In Africa the species winters abundantly in Egypt and Nubia (Shelley, 1872; A. L. Adams, 1864) 
and according to von Heuglin (1873) it is found on the Red Sea, the Somali coast, and on the Nile in 
Kordofan and at the Sobat Delta. Peel (1900) also records it from Berbera Harbor, Somaliland, 
while Balfour (British Museum) and Bennett (ibid.) met with it on Socotra Island, 
As many as fomteen have been seen there at one time (P. L. Sclater and Hartlaub, 
1881). Jagerskiold (1904) reports it common on the White Nile from Omdurman to Dueim and 
Hartmann {fide Naumann, 1896-1905) found it on the Blue Nile as late as May! Von Heuglin 
(1873) some time ago reported it from Lake Tana, Abyssinia, and since then it has been reported 
as common in southern Abyssinia (Ogilvie-Grant, 1900), and also from Lake Cialalaka (Antinori 
and Ragazzi, Salvador!, 1884, 1888). In northwestern Africa it is apparently common in Tunis 
(Whitaker, 1905; Talamon, 1904; Millet-Horsin, 1912) and in Algeria (Loche, 1867; Rothschild 
