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ANAS CRECCA 
and Hartert, 1912; Buvry, 1857; J. H. Gurney, 1871; Menegaux, 1919) while in the Sahara it has 
been found in the north (Tristram, 1860) and even south to El Golea and Ouargla (Hartert, 1913). 
It is recorded “on passage” at this latter place, and this almost suggests that some of the birds 
may cross the desert to Sokoto, northern Nigeria, where the species has been found in flocks num- 
bering hundreds in November, January and February (Hartert, 1886). Rochebrune (1883-85) 
recorded it as common in Senegambia and recently the statement of this usually unreliable writer 
was reaflBrmed by Hopkinson (1918) who says the Teal breeds (!) in Gambia and appears to Ije 
a regular migrant there. In Tangiers and Morocco the species is also abundant in winter (Favier, 
Canaries Dresser, 1871-81; Carstensen, 1852; Reid, 1885; Drake, 1867). Off the West 
African coast, Cabrera y Diaz (1893-94) and Bolle (1857) have reported it as common 
in the Canaries, and Bannerman (1919) says it is found in all the islands of the group in win- 
ter. Salvadori (1901) has recorded a specimen taken as far south as Boa Vista, Cape Verde 
archipelago, February 8, 1898. 
Pass.\ge Area 
As in the case of other species there is an area in both Europe and Asia in which the bird is known 
chiefly on passage. In Europe this area of passage is not so clearly defined for this species but it 
seems to include northern France and Belgium (Longchamps, Dresser, 1871-81; Dubois, 1912; 
Paris, 1907), Switzerland (Fatio, 1904), Lorraine (d’llamonville, 1895), northern Italy (Giglioli, 
1889-91), Slavonia (von Schweppenburg, 1915), Hungary (Madarasz, 1884; von Buda, 1906), the 
countries of the lower Danube (Radakoff, 1879) and southwestern Russia (Goebel, 1871). In Asia 
the passage area is much like that for other species, and is conditioned chiefly by the presence of 
enormous deserts in the central part. The species seems to occur chiefly on passage in northern 
Persia and northern Afghanistan, for example, in north and south Chorassan, Parajjamis and 
Kuhistan-Kirman (Zarudny, 1911), in Transcaspia at Merv and on the Murghab and Tedschen 
(Radde and Walter, 1889; Zarudny, 1886, 1889-90), at Samarkand (Carruthers, 1910), at Kohat 
and Kurram (C. H. T. Whitehead, 1909), at Gilgit, Kashmir (Biddulph, 1881; Scully, 1881), in 
Chamba (C. H. T. Marshall, 1884), all ov'er Turkestan (Dresser, 1876), in Kashgaria (Koslow, 1899), 
Yarkand (Henderson and Hume, 1873) and on the upper Tarim (Schalow', 1908) as well as in south- 
ern Tibet (H. J. Walton, 1906), northern Tibet (Koslow, 1899; Schalow, 1908) and the eastern Altai 
(Hesse, 1913). Prjevalski’s discoveries (Deditius, 1886) in central Asia are of utmost importance. 
He found the species on migration in great numbers on Lob-nor, on the Kuku-nor and on the Urangu 
River (47° north latitude, 88° east longitude). It occurs chiefly on passage in northern China, at 
Peking (David and Oustalet, 1877), in Manchuria (Bianchi, 1902) and in Korea (C. W. Campbell, 
1892), while farther north the same is true of Transbaikalia (Taczanowski, 1874), Lake Hanka 
(Prjevalski, 1876) and the Suiffun and Ussuri Rivers (Dorries, 1888). 
Sporadic Records 
Concerning the occurrence of this Teal in Greenland I am unable to say much. It was not cer- 
tainly known to occur there until Winge published his paper in 1899. There are evidently three 
Greenland it® occurrence on the east coast (Helms, 1910), all from the vicinity of 
Angmagsalik, it seems. There are also two specimens in the Schibler collection 
(Schioler, 1912). Specimens taken on the west coast are very probably all American Green-winged 
Teal {Anas carolinensis). It is a casual visitor to Spitzbergen and Bear Island (Jourdain, 1922) but 
probably, as mentioned above, does not breed there. The European Teal has occurred 
in Labrador, on Hamilton Inlet, July 23, 1860 (Coues, 1861), and there appears to be a 
second specimen wdthout locality (C. W. Townsend and Allen, 1907). It is very rare in Nova Scotia 
United (Doums, 1888), there being only two specimens recorded (Piers, 1915), and on the 
States Atlantic coast of the United States there are authentic records for the following States: 
Labrador 
