AMERICAN GREEN-WINGED TEAL 
233 
some may breed (A. W. Butler, 1898) as they do in Michigan (Gibbs, 1879; Cooke, 1906) and in 
southern Ontario (Cooke, 1906). Barrows (1912) is of the opinion that none now breeds in Michigan. 
The eastern boundary of the true breeding range is Illinois and Wisconsin. Cooke (1906) gives 
several records for the former State, and Grundtvig (1894) says it breeds often in Wisconsin. Kum- 
lien and Hollister (1903), however, speak only of its having nested formerly on Lake Kushkonong 
and commonly in the northern parts of Wisconsin. Audubon found it breeding at Green Bay, Wis- 
consin, in July, so possibly it was more common there once. It is known as a breeding bird in Minne- 
sota (Hatch, 1892; Roberts, 1919) although a rare one, but there is no reliable record of its nesting in 
Iowa. A few nest in the sand-hill region of Nebraska (Oberholser, 1920; U.S. Biological Survey notes) 
and in various localities in South Dakota (Agersborg, 1885; Visher, 1913). Even in North Dakota 
it is a rare breeder (Job, 1899; Bent, 1901-02). Farther west the species becomes more common, 
breeding throughout Montana (A. A. Saunders, 1921), as well as in Wyoming (Cary, 1917; W. C. 
Knight, 1902; Grave and Walker, 1913) and in Colorado (W. L. Sclater, 1912). It has nested even 
in New Mexico, in San Miguel County (W. I. Mitchell, 1898), and probably at Lake Burford (Wet- 
more, 1920). There seems to be a breeding record for Big Lake, east-central Arizona (U.S. Biological 
Survey). In Utah it nests on Great Salt Lake (Cooke, 1906; Wetmore, 1921); and in Nevada at 
Washoe Lake (Cooke, 1906), on Spring Moimtain (Hoffman, 1881) and on Quinn River (W. P. 
Taylor, 1912). Grinnell, Bryant and Storer (1918) state that only a few breed locally in California, 
the records extending to the southernmost parts of Ventura County. The species nests also in 
Oregon (Bendire, 1877 ; Merrill, 1888; Pope, 1895-96), in Idaho (Merriam, 1891) and in Washington 
(W. L. Dawson and Bowles, 1909), but nowhere in the United States can the Green-wing be classed 
as a common breeding bird. 
In British America the species breeds rarely east of Manitoba, though Spreadborough, on what 
evidence I do not know {fide J. and J. M. Macoun, 1909), found it common and breeding on both 
sides of James Bay, and it has been recorded from the Severn River and York Factory Central 
(Preble, 1902). In Manitoba it is a common breeder (E. E. Thompson, 1891 ; Taverner, Canada 
1919), as well as in Keewatin, where Preble (1902) met with considerable numbers about Cape and 
Fort Churchill, and even farther north along the coast of Hudson Bay. The British Museum pos- 
sesses a specimen taken by Rae on Repulse Bay ! But in general the species is not common on the 
Barren Grounds and many of these northern records are only summer stragglers. The center of the 
breeding area is in west-central Canada, from Manitoba to Lake Athabasca (Cooke, Western 
1906; J. and J. M. Macoun, 1909; F. Harper, MS.). Raine (1892) has recorded it for Canada 
southern Saskatchewan, and Buchanan (1920) found it very common on the Churchill River. 
Throughout central and northern Alberta it is a very common nesting bird (Soper, 1918; Stansell, 
1909; Preble, 1908), as it is in British Columbia (Kermode, 1904) and on Vancouver (R. Brown, 
1868). In the Canadian Northwest it breeds less rarely north of 60° north latitude. It is apparently 
quite common as far as Great Slave Lake (Preble, 1908), but farther north the species does not occur 
regularly east of the MacKenzie basin (Seton, 1911) and even along the course of that river it is a 
rather rare bird (MacFarlane, 1908). Nevertheless it has been found breeding at Fort Anderson and 
north to the region between Fort Good Hope and the old fort of that name (Preble, 1908). Stefansson 
(1913) says it is rare in the MacKenzie delta though several, he claims, were taken farther east on 
the coast beyond Richard Island. Schalow (1905) is inclined to believe that this species occurs on all 
the Arctic islands between Bering Strait and West Greenland, but the single specimen taken by Rae 
(British Museum) on Repulse Bay seems to me rather inadequate evidence to support such an opinion. 
West of the MacKenzie the Green-wing has been found on the Arctic coast at Demarcation Point 
and Herschel Island (W. S. Brooks, 1915) and southward on the Porcupine River (Lockhart, fide 
Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1884), the upper Yukon (Kennicott, ibid.; Nelson, 1887) 
and the Macmillan River (Osgood, 1909). On the Pacific coast it is known to breed in 
southeastern Alaska (Hartlaub, 1883), at Sitka (Willett, 1914) and thence northwest in Prince Wil- 
