236 
ANAS CAROLINENSIS 
Many dates will be found in Cooke (1906) and in more recent publications. The birds appear in 
western Pennsylvania sometimes as early as early September, in Virginia in late September, but they 
do not become common until later, in early November. Farther north they occasionally linger until 
rather late, as November 4 (Prince Edward Island), November 1 (Montreal), November 9 (Sas- 
katchewan). early October (St. Michael’s, Alaska). West of the Mississipj)i these Teal begin to arrive 
from middle to late September, and in California by September 17, but the bulk of the migration 
takes place in the last half of October and the first half of November. The average date of final disap- 
pearance in thirteen years for Ontario is October 28. The average for Iowa in seven years is Novem- 
ber 22. They appear as far south as the Valle de Mexico as early as October, and some arrive in the 
Lesser Antilles in October. 
The spring migration in the Mississippi Valley is early, for they arrive in Missouri in late February, 
in Illinois in early March, and in Iowa about the same time; in Minnesota in late March and in 
North Dakota in early A])ril. They reach Manitoba in middle April, and Saskatchewan about April 
13. On the Pacific coast the birds reach high latitude early in the spring. They have been recorded 
for the middle Yukon May 3 and for the mouth of the Yukon May 20. They sometimes linger late 
into the spring in the Carolinas and Louisiana before commencing their overland flight, and I have 
seen them in South Carolina in thousands in late March. Probably the birds which are going to the 
far north tarry longer on their wintering grounds. 
Spring records for the Northeast are not very plentiful, and may represent merely the small num- 
bers which nest in the Magdalen Islands and other points near there. There are, however, spring 
records for all our New England States and for Montreal (Wintle, 1896). It is very suggestive that at 
the west end of Lake Erie spring records show fewer Teal, which certainly points to a different spring 
route, probably farther west. 
There is one set of interesting records of these Teal banded at Bear River Marshes, Utah, by A. 
Wetmore (U.S. Biological Survey) in the late summer and autumn of 1915 and 1916. Wetmore was 
able to place 336 bands in connection with his work on the duck sickness. There were 51 returns, 
distributed as follows: Utah, Bear River and vicinity, 30; California, 19; Arizona, southern, 1; 
Colorado, southern, 1. The California returns are from practically all over the State except the 
extreme northern and southeastern parts. There are four from Los Baftos, in the San Joaquin Valley, 
two from Brito, California, and two from Merced County, California. These ducks were all shot the 
same year they were banded or the year after. The mortality by the hand of man was therefore 
about 15%, and these mortality statistics may some day be of great interest. 
A Green-wing banded at Avery Isle, Louisiana, February 12, 1917, was killed at Badger, Minne- 
sota, April 25, 1920. Another banded in the same place was taken near Herman, Minnesota. 
GENERAL HABITS 
Haunts. The American Green-winged Teal is so closely related to the Common 
Teal of the Old World that it has been relegated to a subspecific rank by Hartert 
(1920). The ranges of the two birds undoubtedly overlap on the Alaskan peninsula, 
but since no specimen showing intermediate characters has been taken, it seems 
more reasonable to allow the bird the position of a full species. 
So familiar is this Teal to sportsmen and ornithologists that any long account of 
its life-history is superfluous. In its habits it does not differ in any way from the 
Common Teal, save where the nature of the country and the climate affect its food 
or migration. Just as the Mallard in Europe shows a strong tendency to become 
sedentary, while in America it becomes so only in a few widely scattered districts, so 
