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at Nulato (Dali, 1874), Fort Yukon and the Porcupine River (Ibbiston and Lockhart, Baird, 
Brewer and Ridgway, 1884). Although rare at Point Barrow, the species unquestionably occurs all 
along the Arctic coast of Alaska, for eastward it has been recorded from Barter Island (R. M. 
Anderson, 1917) and Demarcation Point (W. S. Brooks, 1915), the MacKenzie Delta and Cape 
Bathurst (Stefansson, 1913) and Liverpool and Franklin Bays (MacFarlane, 1908). Stefansson says 
it breeds on the Arctic coast east to Coronation Gulf. From here the eastern limit of the breeding 
range extends southeastward until it strikes Hudson Bay at the 60th parallel. In the area west of 
Hudson Bay and north of about 55° is to be found the great breeding ground of the Western 
species. Within this area it was found very common in the whole region north and Canada 
west of Lake Athabasca by Preble (1908), who (1902) also found it abundant on the coast of Hud- 
son Bay from York Factory north to about 60°. Kennicott (^de Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 
1884) states that most of the birds breed north of Great Slave Lake and according to MacFar- 
lane (1908) it is a very common breeder in the whole Anderson River valley, as well as on 
the Barren Grounds, where Richardson (Jide Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, 1884) also found it 
abundant. In the whole area east and west of the MacKenzie, especially the territory about 
Great Slave and Great Bear Lakes it seems to be a particularly common species. Although it becomes 
rarer as a breeder the farther south one goes, it is still quite common on the west coast in British 
Columbia (Kermode, 1904) and inland in Athabasca (Frank Russell, 1898; Preble, 1908; Buchanan, 
1920), Alberta (Spreadborough, jMe J. and J. M. Macoim, 1909; Stansell, 1909; W. S. Brooks and 
Cobb, 1911), Saskatchewan (Raine, 1892; Bent, 1907 ; Ferry, 1910), and Manitoba (E. E. Thompson, 
1891; Raine, 1892; Taverner, 1919). It apparently breeds also in Ontario. I have seen them very 
numerous in Hannah Bay (southern James Bay) myself in August, and I am convinced that some of 
these must have bred near there. Spreadborough (^de J. and J. M. Macoun, 1909) found it breeding 
on both the east and the west coasts of James Bay, and there is a young bird without wing feathers 
taken at Fort George (east coast) in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. In southern Ontario it 
breeds in small numbers on St. Clair Flats (Saunders, ^de Mcllwraith, 1894) and not rarely on the 
north shore of Lake Erie (Cooke, 1906), where in my opinion it seems to be increasing, for I saw 
several late broods imable to fly as late as October 2, 1916, in this region. Although Eastern 
there are nine records of the occurrence of this species in Labrador, one as far north as Canada 
Ungava Bay (C. W. Townsend and Allen, 1907; C. W. Townsend, 1913), I do not believe the species 
ever nests there, and these records must therefore be regarded as sporadic. The same is true of the 
seven odd records given by Winge (1899) for the west coast of Greenland, where the Qj-ggjjand 
species has occurred as far north as Upernavik and as far south as Julianehaab. 
Schmitt (1904) states that the species breeds regularly on Anticosti Island, but this is very excep- 
tional, if true at all. According to Osgood a young bird in down belonging to this species was taken 
on the Magdalen Islands, but this too seems very remarkable. Chamberlain (1882) states that it 
breeds sparingly in New Brunswick, but this cannot be accepted. I am very skeptical regard- 
ing any breeding record east of 80° west longitude. West of this meridian the species breeds rarely 
in the United States as far east as Mississquoi Bay, Lake Champlain (J. B. Clark, in litt.) and 
on St. Clair Flats (Saunders, McRwraith, 1894) and Rondeau, Michigan, as well as on Charity 
Isle, Lake Huron, Michigan {Wood, fide Barrows, 1912). In Wisconsin it breeds (Kumlien and 
Hollister, 1903; Cooke, 1906) rarely in the south, specifically at Grass Lake and Depere (U.S. 
Biological Survey) and now regularly at Delavan (Hollister, 1919). Cooke (1906) records two 
instances of the species breeding in northern Blinois, namely, at Calumet and at Will, United 
while according to Woodruff (1907), it has once nested in the Chicago district. West States 
of the Mississippi it has nested accidentally at Kansas City, Missouri (Cooke, 1906), while farther 
north it breeds in Hancock County, Iowa (Cooke, 1906; R. M. Anderson, 1907) and rarely in south- 
ern Minnesota ; it nests more commonly in the central part of this State, and in fairly good numbers 
in the northern sections (Hatch, 1892). Cooke (1906) mentions Faribault, Waverley and Heron 
