PINTAIL 
315 
(1860) has recorded it from western Greece, and according to that writer as well as Lord Lilford 
(1875) it is rather common on the Ionian Isles. Farther north it was found at Constantinople by 
G. C. Taylor (1872) and Braun (1908), and at Burgas, Bulgaria, by Radakoff (1879). 
Elwes and Buckley (1870) state that it winters in Bulgaria and according to Sintenis 
(1877) it does so on the whole lower Danube, especially in the Dobrudja. According to Radakoff 
(1881) it winters in Bessarabia, and von Nordmann (1840) claims that it does so in 
southern Russia. I am skeptical about this latter remark, though Valkh (1911) states 
that it winters rarely in Ekaterinoslav. 
In Africa the species winters in Timis in great abundance (Zedlitz, 1909; Kdnig, 1888; I\diit- 
aker, 1905; Bede, 1915; Millet-Horsin, 1912) but is apparently not so very common in Algeria 
(Taczanowski, 1870; Rothschild and Hartert, 1912). Tristram (1860) found it fairly 
common in the northern Sahara, south of Algeria. Carstensen (1852) and Reid (1885) 
have recorded the species as wintering in Morocco. I find no record of its occurrence in the Azores, 
but a specimen was taken October 22, 1895, at Machico in the Madeira group (Schmitz, 1896), and 
another apparently in the Canaries on Lanzarote (Bannerman, 1914). In western Africa Pintails 
probably extend far south. I find by referring to de Rochebrune’s (1883-85) elaborate Western 
work on the fauna of Senegambia (an apparently imreliable treatise, it is true) that Africa 
it is rather common on passage in that country, where it has been taken at Thionk, Sorres, 
Gandiole, Sedhiou and Daranka. The remark “on passage” may furnish a clue to an explanation of 
the fact that a specimen, unfortunately without date, has been taken at Zaria, northern Nigeria 
(Hartert, 1886). I am quite sure that most of the European ducks winter or pass along the west 
coast of Africa and winter as far south as Nigeria, where such startling discoveries concerning some 
species have been made. It may be that some actually cross the desert. Von Schweppenburg (1918) 
found remains of a Pintail in the Tuareg region, central Sahara. In East Africa the birds winter in 
great numbers in Lower Egypt and the Fayilm (Nicoll, 1919; Shelley, 1872; Zedlitz, Eastern 
1910; Kaiser, 1890; A. L. Adams, 1870) but become rarer above Cairo (Shelley, 1872). Africa 
On the other hand reports seem to indicate that it is again abundant in Kordofan and the Sudan 
(von Heuglin, 1873; A. L. Butler, 1905). On the White Nile it occurs in flocks as far up as El Dueim, 
and El Kawa (Ogilvie-Grant, 1902: Jagerskiold, 1904) and in Abyssinia it has been met with on 
Lake Cialalaka (Salvadori, 1884, 1888). The British Museum has specimens from Angolalla, north 
of Addis-ababa, Abyssinia. East of the Nile I find a solitary record for Capomazza, Eritrsea (Salva- 
dori, 1908). On the Blue Nile and in the Tigre region the species is known to occur (von Heuglin, 
1873). Most astounding is the fact that in East Africa the species reaches the equator. Specimens 
have been taken in the Mau district, east of Victoria Nyanza (C. H. B. Grant, 1915) and in the 
Ankole district, west of the Great Lakes (Ogilvie-Grant, 1905a). V. G. L. van Someren (1916, 1922) 
met with it on passage, but not commonly, at Lake Nakimu and at Lake Naivasha, Kenia Province, 
British East Africa. 
Passing to Asia I find the Pintail recorded for Suez (Zedlitz, 1910) and Arabia Petraea (von Heug- 
lin, 1873) while Wyatt {fide Hart, 1891) reported it for the Sinai Peninsula. Very likely it occurs 
along the entire Red Sea coast of Arabia, for specimens have been taken at Lahej, near ^gjg^ 
Aden (R. Hawker, 1878) and at west Laikah, in the Hadramant region (von Lorenz 
and Hellmayr, 1901). It winters in Palestine (Tristram, 1884; Meinertzhagen, 1920a), and un- 
questionably throughout Asia Minor. Danford (1878, 1880) found it very abundant about Marash 
in the Taurus region in late January, and in northern Asia Minor G. C. Taylor (1872) found it to be 
common at Ismid, southeast of Constantinople. Lord Lilford (1889) has recorded the species for 
Cyprus where it is common (Bucknill, 1910). Farther east Pintails winter in the Caucasus (Radde, 
1884), but perhaps chiefly in the southeast, at Lenkoran and vicinity. They winter also in the valley 
of the Tigris and of the Euphrates (Meinertzhagen, 1914) and the British Museum possesses skins 
from Babylon and Bagdad as well as from Fao at the head of the Persian Gulf. In Persia the species 
